Overview of studies on interval CRCs after faecal testing
| Author/year/country/faecal test used | Definition iCRC | Study population/design | Outcomes/results | Stage of CRC (I–II vs. III–IV) | Location of CRC (proximal vs. distal) | Predictors /possible aetiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| van Roon et al (2013)63 The Netherlands FIT* | After negative FIT/gFOBT/colo, but within screen interval | Average-risk screening population | 29 screen-detected 3 iCRC | Screen detected: 23 vs. 6 iCRC 2 vs. 1 | Not described | Yes, limited |
| Denters et al (2012)62 The Netherlands gFOBT/FIT | After negative FIT/gFOBT, but within screen interval | 3616 subjects average-risk screening population | 29 screen detected (20 1st round;9 2nd round); 10 iCRCs | Screen detected 18 vs. 11 iCRCs: 5 vs. 5 | Screen detected 9 vs. 20 iCRCs: 3 vs. 7 | N/A |
| Scholefield et al (2012)69 UK gFOBT | Between screening rounds | RCT, 153 850 subjects, screening population | 236 screen detected; 173 iCRCs <2 years | Screen detected 168 vs.68 iCRCs: 78 vs. 94 | Not described | N/A |
| Gill et al (2012)64 UK gFOBT | After a negative FOBT or screening colonoscopy and before next invitation | Prospective. 1336 CRC patients; screening population | 322 screen-detected; 192 interval; 311 non-uptake (declined screening); 511 control (diagnosed before screening) | Screen detected: 206 vs. 110 iCRC: 87 vs. 100 non-uptake: 130 vs. 167 control: 221 vs. 275 | Screen detected: 69 vs. 253 iCRC: 64 vs. 128 non-uptake: 106 vs. 205 control: 153 vs. 358 | N/A |
| Crotta et al (2012)70 Italy FIT | <2 years after negative FIT | 2959 patients; screening population | 8 screen detected; 5 iCRCs | Screen detected: 4 vs. 4 iCRCs: 1 vs. 4 | Not described | Yes, limited |
| de Wijkerslooth et al (2012)71 The Netherlands FIT | After negative FIT but within screening interval | 1256 average-risk screening population | 7 screen detected 1 iCRC | Screen detected: 6 vs. 1 iCRC 1 early | Screen detected: 2 vs. 5 iCRC: 1 distal | N/A |
| Morris et al (2012)72 UK FOBT | After a negative screening test and before next invitation | 76.943 CRC patients (retrospective) | 2213 screen-detected; 623 iCRC; 1760 non-uptake; 72 437 controls | Screen detected: 1131 vs. 992 iCRC: 211 vs. 412 Non-uptake: 577 vs. 1183; Controls: 24 706 vs. 29 320 | Screen detected: 416 vs. 1628 iCRC: 223 vs. 352 Non-uptake: 518 vs. 1103; controls: 21 779 vs. 43 871 | N/A |
| Rozen et al (2012)73 Israel FIT | Not clearly described | 1630 subjects; screening population | 20 screen-detected 5 during follow-up | Overall, 18 vs. 7 | Overall, 10 vs. 15 | Yes |
| Steele et al (2012)61 UK gFOBT | <2 years after negative gFOBT Missed cancer: <2 years after negative colonoscopy following positive FOBT | 304.245 subjects invited for screening | 1st round: 351 screen-detected; 193 iCRC; 2 missed; 2nd round: 208/213/4; 3rd round: 139/229/2 | Screen detected: 462 vs. 201 iCRC 252 vs. 279 | Screen detected: 136 vs. 506 iCRC 201 vs. 422 | N/A |
| Levi et al (2011)74 Israel FIT vs gFOBT* | Missed cancer: CRC not detected by FIT/gFOBT | Group A, FIT, 1224 subjects Group B, gFOBT, 2266 subjects | FIT, 6 gFOBT, 8 iCRC, 5 | Not specified | FIT: 3 vs. 3 gFOBT: 3 vs. 5 iCRC: 2 vs. 3 | N/A |
| Zorzi et al (2011)75 Italy FIT | After a negative screening test and before next invitation | 267.789 patients with negative screening exam | Screen detected: 748 iCRCs: 126 | iCRC: 37 vs. 48 | iCRC: 37% vs. 64% | Yes |
| Lisi et al (2010)76 Italy gFOBT vs. colo* | Not clearly described | Average-risk screening population gFOBT, 1149 CS, 414 | FOBT, 1 CS, 2 | Not specified | Not specified | N/A |
| Hol et al (2010)77 Netherlands gFOBT vs. FIT, vs. FS* | Not clearly described | Average-risk screening population 2351 gFOBT, 2975 FIT, 1386 FS | FOBT, 6 FIT, 14 FS, 8 | FOBT: 3 vs. 3 FIT: 12 vs. 2 FS: 6 vs. 2 | Not specified | N/A |
| Paimela et al (2010)78 Finland gFOBT | After negative gFOBT | 52 998 screening participants vs. 53 002 controls | 66 screen-detected; 35 iCRC; 27 non-uptake; 99 controls | Screen-detected: 34 vs. 32; iCRC: 14 vs. 21; non-uptake: 6 vs. 21; controls: 38 vs. 61 | Screened: 36 vs. 84 Controls: 20 vs. 65 | Yes, limited |
| Faivre et al (2004)79 France gFOBT | After negative gFOBT and before next invitation | 91 199 screening participants vs. controls | 196 screen-detected; 285 iCRC; 218 non-uptake; 696 control | Screen detected: 142 vs. 54; iCRC: 164 vs. 121; non-uptake: 107 vs. 111; Controls: 361 vs. 335 | Not specified | N/A |
| Kronborg et al (2004)3 Denmark gFOBT | Within 2 years after negative FOBT | 30 762 screening participants vs. 30 966 controls | 199 screen-detected; 239 iCRC; 306 non-uptake; 874 controls | Screen detected: 72 vs. 127 iCRC: not specified controls: 99 vs. 775 | Not specified | N/A |
*Studies comparing different screening modalities.
CRC, colorectal cancer; CS, colonoscopy; iCRC, interval CRC; FS, flexible sigmoidoscopy; gFOBT, guaiac-based faecal occult blood test, FIT, faecal immunological test.