Examples of DAMPs and their receptors
| DAMP | Receptor |
|---|---|
| Released by necrotic cells | |
| ATP | Purinoceptors |
| Monosodium urate | NACHT, LRR and PYD domains containing protein 3 (also known as cryopyrin; encoded by NLRP3, alias NALP3) |
| Nuclear DAMPs | |
| High-mobility group protein 1 (encoded by HMGB1) |
|
| Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP130 | C-type lectin domain family 4 member E (encoded by CLECSF9 also known as MINCLE) |
| Extracellular histones | Unknown |
| HSPs HSP-60 | TLR2, TLR4 |
| IL-1 family | |
| IL-1α | IL-1R-1 and IL-1RAcP |
| IL-33 | IL-1 receptor-like 1 (also known as protein ST2) and IL-1RAcP |
| S100 calcium-binding protein family | |
| S100A8, S100A9 | TLR4 |
| S100A12 | AGER |
| Mitochondrial DAMPs | |
| Mitochondrial DNA | TLR9 |
| N-formylated peptides | Formyl peptide receptor |
| Peroxiredoxins | TLR2, TLR4 |
| Products of extracellular matrix breakdown | |
| Low-molecular weight fragments of hyaluronic acid | TLR4 |
*Protein names used for DAMPs and receptors are official names provided by UniProtKB (http://www.uniprot.org); genes symbols are provided by Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee (http://www.genenames.org).
DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern; HSP, heat shock protein; IL, interleukin; IL-1R-1, IL-1 receptor type 1; IL-1RAcP, IL-1 receptor accessory protein; LRR, leucine-rich repeats; MINCLE, macrophage inducible C-type lectin; NACHT, NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1; PYD, pyrin domain; TLR, toll-like receptor.