Table 1

Clinical and physiological characteristics of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) in comparison with CLD and HC groups

Parameter	ALF	CLD	HC
Number of patients	32	10	15
Age	35* [28–45]	52 [44–65]	29* [26–45]
Sex (M:F)	15:17	6:4	6:9
Aetiology	Drug-induced Acetaminophen [23] Mixed overdose [2] Non-drug induced Pregnancy-related [3] Budd-Chiari [1] Hepatitis B [1] Acute Wilsons [1] Ischaemia [1]	ALD [4] NAFLD [3] HFE [1] PBC [1] PSC [1]	n/a
WCC (×10⁹/L)	10.4* [6.7–15.5]	4.46 [3.7–5.1]	n/a
Monocytes (×10⁹/L)	0.22 [0.13–0.4]	0.31 [0.24–0.42]	n/a
Creatinine (μmol/L)	139.5** [90–242]	73 [56–79]	n/a
INR	5.4*** [2.8–8.8]	1.4 [1.15–1.6]	n/a
Bilirubin (μmol/L)	88*** [49.5–177]	49 [12–70]	n/a
AST (IU/mL)	5199*** [1155–8499]	45 [28–55]	n/a
Encephalopathy	2*** [1–3]	1 [0–1]	n/a
Child's Pugh	n/a	9 [8–11]	n/a
MELD	39.5* [33–40]	12 [7–19]	n/a
SOFA	13 [10–16]	n/a	n/a

*p=0.006; **p=0.001; ***p<0.0001, compared with CLD group.
ALD, alcoholic liver disease; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CLD, chronic liver disease; HC, healthy contols; HFE, haemochromatosis; INR, international normalised ratio; MELD, Model for End Stage Liver Disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; WCC, white (leucocyte) cell count.