Evaluation of independent associations between modifiable factors and polyp risk; the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study
| No-polyp controls | Hyperplastic polyps | Conventional adenomas | Sessile serrated polyps | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | n | n | OR (95% CI)* | n | OR (95% CI)* | n | OR (95% CI)* |
| Cigarette smoking | |||||||
| Never | 1774 | 147 | 1.00 (ref) | 596 | 1.00 (ref) | 63 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Former | 1126 | 190 | 2.22 (1.73 to 2.85) | 550 | 1.24 (1.06 to 1.45) | 60 | 1.41 (0.94 to 2.10) |
| Current | 343 | 190 | 5.06 (3.75 to 6.82) | 355 | 2.68 (2.19 to 3.29) | 54 | 4.68 (2.99 to 7.31) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| 18.0–24.9 | 1049 | 120 | 1.00 (ref) | 389 | 1.00 (ref) | 49 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 1224 | 174 | 1.05 (0.80 to 1.37) | 600 | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.27) | 70 | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.74) |
| >30 | 965 | 178 | 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) | 506 | 1.23 (1.02 to 1.48) | 59 | 1.25 (0.80 to 1.94) |
| ptrend | 0.007 | 0.03 | 0.33 | ||||
| Regular NSAID use | |||||||
| Never | 1438 | 197 | 1.00 (ref) | 633 | 1.00 (ref) | 83 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Former | 206 | 29 | 0.96 (0.62 to 1.48) | 88 | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.23) | 8 | 0.68 (0.32 to 1.46) |
| Current | 1593 | 228 | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.13) | 679 | 0.77 (0.66 to 0.89) | 75 | 0.68 (0.48 to 0.96) |
| ptrend | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | |||||||
| 2.91–12.88 | 813 | 114 | 1.00 (ref) | 375 | 1.00 (ref) | 57 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 12.88–17.79 | 811 | 127 | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.63) | 319 | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.05) | 37 | 0.47 (0.27 to 0.82) |
| 17.79–24.73 | 811 | 113 | 1.05 (0.70 to 1.58) | 380 | 0.95 (0.73 to 1.24) | 47 | 0.63 (0.34 to 1.17) |
| 24.73–126.3 | 811 | 118 | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.76) | 428 | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.28) | 37 | 0.47 (0.22 to 1.01) |
| ptrend | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.11 | ||||
| Dietary folate equivalents intake (µg/day) | |||||||
| 63.81–394.7 | 812 | 119 | 1.00 (ref) | 369 | 1.00 (ref) | 48 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 394.7–572.6 | 811 | 123 | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.23) | 348 | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.04) | 48 | 1.37 (0.78 to 2.43) |
| 572.6–811.8 | 811 | 119 | 0.70 (0.45 to 1.07) | 380 | 0.74 (0.55 to 0.98) | 46 | 1.26 (0.63 to 2.53) |
| 811.8–4542 | 812 | 111 | 0.57 (0.34 to 0.95) | 405 | 0.71 (0.50 to 0.99) | 36 | 1.00 (0.44 to 2.29) |
| ptrend | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.90 | ||||
| Dietary calcium intake (mg/day) | |||||||
| 128.0–595.8 | 812 | 118 | 1.00 (ref) | 370 | 1.00 (ref) | 53 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 595.8–837.8 | 811 | 117 | 0.98 (0.70 to 1.37) | 342 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.14) | 32 | 0.74 (0.42 to 1.29) |
| 837.8–1217 | 811 | 112 | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.24) | 390 | 0.81 (0.61 to 1.06) | 55 | 1.10 (0.59 to 2.05) |
| 1217–6880 | 812 | 125 | 0.86 (0.55 to 1.35) | 400 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.92) | 38 | 0.70 (0.33 to 1.45) |
| ptrend | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.47 | ||||
| Total fat intake (g/day) | |||||||
| 11.91–48.00 | 812 | 91 | 1.00 (ref) | 299 | 1.00 (ref) | 38 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 48.00–68.06 | 810 | 110 | 1.12 (0.76 to 1.64) | 293 | 0.80 (0.62 to 1.04) | 36 | 1.30 (0.70 to 2.42) |
| 68.06–98.16 | 812 | 126 | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.59) | 386 | 0.76 (0.55 to 1.05) | 44 | 1.79 (0.79 to 4.04) |
| 98.16–377.4 | 812 | 145 | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.60) | 524 | 0.80 (0.55 to 1.19) | 60 | 2.15 (0.81 to 5.69) |
| ptrend | 0.58 | 0.32 | 0.13 | ||||
| Red meat intake (g/day) | |||||||
| 0.0–16.07 | 811 | 73 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 1.00 (ref) | 25 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 16.07–38.54 | 809 | 112 | 1.46 (1.04 to 2.03) | 358 | 1.38 (1.11 to 1.71) | 33 | 1.30 (0.71 to 2.36) |
| 38.54–73.88 | 807 | 123 | 1.38 (0.98 to 1.96) | 360 | 1.28 (1.03 to 1.61) | 47 | 1.90 (1.06 to 3.41) |
| 73.88–625.8 | 808 | 163 | 1.48 (1.03 to 2.14) | 552 | 1.53 (1.21 to 1.94) | 73 | 2.59 (1.41 to 4.74) |
| ptrend | 0.08 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||||
*Derived from multinomial logistic regression models which included all case and control groups and adjusted for age (40–49, 50–59, 60–64 and 65+ years of age), sex, educational attainment, year of colonoscopy, study site and total daily energy intake (divided into quartile categories based on kcal/day). Additionally adjusted for all variables within the table.
NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.