Associations between modifiable dietary factors and polyp risk; the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study
| Case–control comparisons | Case–case comparisons | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-polyp controls | Hyperplastic polyps (HPs) | Conventional adenomas (ADs) | Sessile serrated polyps (SSPs) | AD vs HP | SSP vs HP | SSP vs AD | ||||
| Dietary intake (per day) | n | n | OR (95% CI) | n | OR (95% CI) | n | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Fibre (g)* | ||||||||||
| 2.91–12.88 | 813 | 114 | 1.00 (ref) | 375 | 1.00 (ref) | 57 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 12.88–17.79 | 811 | 127 | 1.01 (0.75 to 1.38) | 319 | 0.72 (0.58 to 0.89) | 47 | 0.50 (0.30 to 0.82) | 0.71 (0.51 to 0.99) | 0.49 (0.28 to 0.86) | 0.69 (0.41 to 1.15) |
| 17.79–24.73 | 811 | 113 | 0.81 (0.57 to 1.15) | 380 | 0.75 (0.59 to 0.94) | 37 | 0.64 (0.38 to 1.08) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.34) | 0.79 (0.43 to 1.44) | 0.85 (0.50 to 1.46) |
| >24.73 | 811 | 118 | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.05) | 428 | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.85) | 47 | 0.46 (0.19 to 0.68) | 0.92 (0.60 to 1.40) | 0.51 (0.25 to 1.04) | 0.56 (0.29 to 1.06) |
| ptrend | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.96 | 0.17 | 0.12 | ||||
| Dietary folate equivalents (µg)* | ||||||||||
| 63.8–394.7 | 812 | 119 | 1.00 (ref) | 369 | 1.00 (ref) | 48 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 394.7–572.6 | 811 | 123 | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | 348 | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.91) | 48 | 0.99 (0.60 to 1.65) | 0.83 (0.59 to 1.18) | 1.12 (0.64 to 1.99) | 1.35 (0.80 to 2.26) |
| 572.6–811.8 | 811 | 119 | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.97) | 380 | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.81) | 46 | 0.83 (0.47 to 1.47) | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 1.23 (0.65 to 2.32) | 1.30 (0.73 to 2.33) |
| >811.8 | 812 | 111 | 0.53 (0.35 to 0.80) | 405 | 0.56 (0.43 to 0.73) | 36 | 0.51 (0.26 to 0.98) | 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61) | 0.96 (0.46 to 2.00) | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.78) |
| ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.94 | 0.69 | ||||
| Calcium (mg)* | ||||||||||
| 128.0–595.8 | 812 | 118 | 1.00 (ref) | 370 | 1.00 (ref) | 53 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 595.8–837.8 | 811 | 117 | 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26) | 342 | 0.80 (0.65 to 1.00) | 32 | 0.70 (0.42 to 1.19) | 0.88 (0.63 to 1.24) | 0.77 (0.43 to 1.38) | 0.87 (0.51 to 1.50) |
| 837.8–1217 | 811 | 112 | 0.68 (0.47 to 0.99) | 390 | 0.68 (0.54 to 0.88) | 55 | 0.99 (0.56 to 1.76) | 1.00 (0.67 to 1.48) | 1.45 (0.76 to 2.76) | 1.45 (0.81 to 2.59) |
| >1217 | 812 | 125 | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.99) | 400 | 0.57 (0.43 to 0.75) | 38 | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.06) | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.33) | 0.83 (0.40 to 1.74) | 0.96 (0.49 to 1.88) |
| ptrend | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 0.90 | 0.88 | ||||
| Fat (g)* | ||||||||||
| 11.91–48.00 | 812 | 91 | 1.00 (ref) | 299 | 1.00 (ref) | 38 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 48.00–68.06 | 810 | 110 | 1.24 (0.85 to 1.80) | 293 | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.09) | 36 | 1.40 (0.77 to 2.55) | 0.69 (0.46 to 1.03) | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.22) | 1.64 (0.88 to 3.04) |
| 68.06–98.16 | 812 | 126 | 1.23 (0.77 to 1.95) | 386 | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.21) | 44 | 2.32 (1.07 to 5.04) | 1.00 (0.44 to 1.19) | 1.89 (0.80 to 4.50) | 2.60 (1.18 to 5.76) |
| >98.16 | 812 | 145 | 1.19 (0.69 to 2.06) | 524 | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.39) | 60 | 3.09 (1.24 to 7.72) | 0.86 (0.45 to 1.46) | 2.61 (0.94 to 7.23) | 3.20 (1.26 to 8.12) |
| ptrend | 0.62 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.02 | ||||
| Red meat (g)* | ||||||||||
| 0–16.06 | 811 | 73 | 1.00 (ref) | 226 | 1.00 (ref) | 25 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 16.06–38.54 | 809 | 112 | 1.53 (1.10 to 2.12) | 358 | 1.42 (1.15 to 1.76) | 33 | 1.42 (0.79 to 2.57) | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.33) | 0.93 (0.48 to 1.79) | 1.00 (0.55 to 1.83) |
| 38.54–73.38 | 807 | 123 | 1.51 (1.08 to 2.10) | 360 | 1.36 (1.10 to 1.69) | 47 | 2.32 (1.32 to 4.08) | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.30) | 1.54 (0.82 to 2.90) | 1.70 (0.95 to 3.04) |
| >73.38 | 808 | 163 | 1.68 (1.19 to 2.37) | 552 | 1.67 (1.34 to 2.09) | 73 | 3.38 (1.90 to 6.00) | 1.00 (0.69 to 1.44) | 2.02 (1.06 to 3.83) | 2.02 (1.13 to 3.63) |
| ptrend | 0.009 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.006 | 0.003 | ||||
*Derived from multinomial logistic regression models which included all case and control groups and adjusted for age based on categories (ages 40–49, 50–59, 60–64 and 65+), sex, educational attainment, year of colonoscopy, study site, cigarette use, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use status and total daily energy intake (divided into quartile categories based on kcal/day).