Postendoscopy GI bleeding | Postendoscopy thromboembolism | Postendoscopy death | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Anticoagulants with and without heparin bridging | ||||||
DOACs alone | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Warfarin alone | 1.14 (0.91 to 1.43) | 0.250 | 1.27 (0.89 to 1.83) | 0.192 | 1.08 (0.79 to 1.48) | 0.619 |
DOACs plus heparin bridging | 1.52 (1.25 to 1.85) | <0.001 | 2.60 (1.95 to 3.47) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.05 to 1.79) | 0.023 |
Warfarin plus heparin bridging | 1.69 (1.41 to 2.02) | <0.001 | 2.46 (1.86 to 3.26) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.18 to 1.97) | 0.001 |
Endoscopic procedures | ||||||
PEG | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
Upper GI haemostasis | 14.9 (10.9 to 20.4) | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.49) | 0.275 | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.91) | 0.005 |
Lower GI EMR | 7.10 (5.09 to 9.92) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.41 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.11) | <0.001 |
EST | 3.47 (2.40 to 5.03) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.65 to 1.16) | 0.334 | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.27) | <0.001 |
Lower GI haemostasis | 12.4 (8.64 to 17.9) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.85 to 1.78) | 0.283 | 0.47 (0.32 to 0.71) | <0.001 |
Upper GI ESD | 45.3 (32.5 to 63.3) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.46 to 1.10) | 0.123 | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.20) | <0.001 |
Lower GI polypectomy | 7.64 (5.08 to 11.5) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.28 to 0.84) | 0.010 | 0.02 (0.003 to 0.144) | <0.001 |
Lower GI ESD | 9.78 (6.12 to 15.6) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.31 to 1.22) | 0.161 | NA* | NA* |
EUS-FNA | 2.26 (1.05 to 4.84) | 0.037 | 1.05 (0.60 to 1.85) | 0.866 | 0.78 (0.47 to 1.29) | 0.332 |
Upper GI EMR/polypectomy | 15.2 (9.21 to 25.0) | <0.001 | 0.46 (0.17 to 1.27) | 0.135 | 0.06 (0.001 to 0.46) | 0.006 |
Endoscopic balloon dilatation | 0.42 (0.06 to 3.10) | 0.398 | 0.72 (0.31 to 1.66) | 0.445 | 0.62 (0.31 to 1.23) | 0.170 |
EVL | 19.7 (11.4 to 33.8) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.03 to 1.30) | 0.089 | 1.06 (0.54 to 2.05) | 0.874 |
EIS | 11.9 (5.31 to 26.8) | <0.001 | 1.58 (0.56 to 4.46) | 0.390 | 0.19 (0.03 to 1.41) | 0.105 |
*NA: no deaths occurred in association with any procedure.
DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.