Prevalence and characteristics of bacterial infections present at diagnosis or developed during follow-up and associated mortality in patients with AD and ACLF
| At diagnosis* | During follow-up† | |||
| AD (n=235) | ACLF (n=407) | AD (n=176) | ACLF (n=255) | |
| Prevalence and types of infection | ||||
| Prevalence of infections (n/%) | 59 (25.1) | 152 (37.3) The p value is not correct, It should be 0.001 | 32 (18.2) | 117 (45.9) The p value is not correct, It should be 0.001 |
| Types of infection (n/%) | ||||
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 16 (6.8) | 41 (9.8) | 6 (3.4) | 22 (8.6)‡ |
| Urinary infections | 10 (4.3) | 25 (6.0) | 12 (6.8) | 27 (10.6) |
| Pneumonia | 7 (3.0) | 32 (7.7)‡ | 3 (1.7) | 22 (8.6)¶ |
| Unproven infections | 14 (6.0) | 16 (3.8) | 7 (4.0) | 18 (7.0) |
| SSTI | 7 (3.0) | 12 (2.9) | 1 (0.6) | 7 (2.7) |
| Spontaneous/secondary bacteraemia | 1 (0.4) | 9 (2.2) | 1 (0.6) | 10 (3.9)‡ |
| Secondary bacterial peritonitis | – | 11 (2.6)§ | – | 2 (0.8) |
| Other** | 3 (1.3) | 6 (1.4) | 1 (0.6) | 8 (3.1) |
| Clostridium difficile infection | 1 (0.4) | – | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) |
| Characteristics of bacterial infections | ||||
| Site of acquisition (n/%) | ||||
| Community acquired | 32 (54.2) | 38 (25.0)¶ | – | – |
| Healthcare associated | 14 (23.7) | 34 (22.4) | – | – |
| Nosocomial | 13 (22.0) | 80 (52.6) | 32 (100.0) | 117 (100.0) |
| Infections caused by MDROs (n/%) | ||||
| No | 57 (96.6) | 128 (84.2)‡ | 31 (96.9) | 95 (81.2)‡ |
| Yes | 2 (3.4) | 24 (15.8) | 1 (3.1) | 22 (18.8) |
| Sepsis (n/%) | ||||
| No sepsis | 46 (78.0) | 78 (51.3)¶ | 30 (93.8) | 68 (58.1)¶ |
| Sepsis | 12 (20.3) | – | 1 (3.1) | 26 (22.2) |
| Severe sepsis or shock | 1 (1.7) | 74 (48.7) | 1 (3.1) | 23 (19.7) |
| Mortality (n/%) | ||||
| 28-day mortality | 1 (1.7) | 54 (35.5)¶ | 2 (6.3) | 45 (38.5)¶ |
| 90-day mortality | 6 (10.2) | 77 (50.5)¶ | 3 (9.4) | 60 (51.3)¶ |
*All patients included.
†Only patients without bacterial infections at diagnosis.
‡p Value<0.05.
§p Value<0.01.
¶p Value<0.001.
**Other infections at diagnosis of ACLF: tracheobronchitis (4), spontaneous bacterial empyema (n=1), cholangitis (1),undefined (3). Other infections during follow-up: dental infection (1), undefined (8).
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; AD, acute decompensation; MDROs, multidrug-resistant organisms; SSTI, skin and soft tissue infections.