Table 3

ORs for postendoscopy GI bleeding, thromboembolism and death in the warfarin group with reference to the DOAC group, adjusting for high-risk endoscopic procedures (n=10 092)

	Postendoscopy GI bleeding		Postendoscopy thromboembolism		Postendoscopy death
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value
Anticoagulants
DOACs	Reference		Reference		Reference
Warfarin	1.22 (1.07 to 1.39)	0.003	1.16 (0.97 to 1.39)	0.099	1.15 (0.96 to 1.38)	0.126
Endoscopic procedures
PEG	Reference		Reference		Reference
Upper GI haemostasis	13.6 (9.93 to 18.5)	<0.001	0.98 (0.76 to 1.26)	0.871	0.68 (0.54 to 0.84)	<0.001
Lower GI EMR	7.27 (5.21 to 10.1)	<0.001	0.59 (0.43 to 0.81)	0.001	0.06 (0.03 to 0.12)	<0.001
EST	3.45 (2.39 to 5.00)	<0.001	0.86 (0.65 to 1.14)	0.285	0.18 (0.12 to 0.26)	<0.001
Lower GI haemostasis	11.0 (7.70 to 15.8)	<0.001	0.98 (0.68 to 1.42)	0.920	0.43 (0.29 to 0.64)	<0.001
Upper GI ESD	45.2 (32.4 to 62.7)	<0.001	0.72 (0.47 to 1.10)	0.126	0.08 (0.034 to 0.20)	<0.001
Lower GI polypectomy	7.83 (5.21 to 11.8)	<0.001	0.51 (0.29 to 0.88)	0.016	0.02 (0.003 to 0.154)	<0.001
Lower GI ESD	10.0 (6.29 to 16.0)	<0.001	0.64 (0.32 to 1.27)	0.202	NA*	NA*
EUS-FNA	2.32 (1.08 to 4.98)	0.030	1.10 (0.63 to 1.93)	0.743	0.80 (0.48 to 1.33)	0.383
Upper GI EMR/polypectomy	14.69 (8.93 to 24.2)	<0.001	0.44 (0.16 to 1.20)	0.109	0.06 (0.01 to 0.45)	0.006
Endoscopic balloon dilatation	0.40 (0.06 to 2.95)	0.372	0.66 (0.29 to 1.52)	0.327	0.60 (0.30 to 1.18)	0.137
EVL	17.62 (10.3 to 30.2)	<0.001	0.15 (0.02 to 1.08)	0.060	0.97 (0.50 to 1.88)	0.924
EIS	10.87 (4.85 to 24.3)	<0.001	1.31 (0.47 to 3.68)	0.607	0.18 (0.02 to 1.32)	0.092

*NA: no deaths occurred in association with any procedure.
DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.