Baseline characteristics of unmatched and propensity score-matched patients treated with warfarin and DOACs
| Unmatched | Propensity score matched | |||||
| Warfarin (n=11 896) | DOACs (n=5081) | Standardised difference (%) | Warfarin (n=5046) | DOACs (n=5046) | Standardised difference (%) | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| <60 | 678 (5.7) | 183 (3.6) | 10.0 | 185 (3.7) | 183 (3.6) | 0.5 |
| 60–69 | 2080 (17.5) | 756 (14.9) | 7.1 | 746 (14.8) | 755 (15.0) | 0.6 |
| 70–79 | 4619 (38.8) | 1952 (38.4) | 0.8 | 1931 (38.3) | 1940 (38.4) | 0.2 |
| ≥80 | 4519 (38.0) | 2190 (43.1) | 10.4 | 2184 (43.3) | 2168 (43.0) | 0.6 |
| Sex (male) | 7707 (64.8) | 3334 (65.6) | 1.7 | 3325 (65.9) | 3310 (65.6) | 0.6 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
| <18.5 | 1734 (15.5) | 823 (17.4) | 5.1 | 779 (16.5) | 815 (17.3) | 2.1 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 6709 (59.9) | 2769 (58.5) | 2.8 | 2797 (59.3) | 2757 (58.6) | 1.4 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2340 (20.9) | 965 (20.4) | 1.2 | 959 (20.3) | 957 (20.4) | 0.2 |
| ≥30.0 | 415 (3.7) | 177 (3.7) | 0.0 | 181 (3.8) | 172 (3.7) | 0.5 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 2561 (21.5) | 1083 (21.3) | 0.5 | 1069 (21.2) | 1079 (21.4) | 0.5 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 482 (4.1) | 123 (2.4) | 9.6 | 115 (2.3) | 123 (2.4) | 0.7 |
| Myocardial infarction | 472 (4.0) | 125 (2.5) | 8.5 | 108 (2.1) | 125 (2.5) | 2.7 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2200 (18.5) | 1365 (26.9) | 20.2 | 1288 (25.5) | 1337 (26.5) | 2.3 |
| Dementia | 484 (4.1) | 266 (5.2) | 5.2 | 229 (4.5) | 263 (5.2) | 3.3 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 367 (3.1) | 185 (3.6) | 2.8 | 176 (3.5) | 182 (3.6) | 0.5 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 199 (1.7) | 54 (1.1) | 5.1 | 53 (1.1) | 54 (1.1) | 0 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1509 (12.7) | 583 (11.5) | 3.7 | 586 (11.6) | 583 (11.6) | 0 |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 1888 (15.9) | 850 (16.7) | 2.2 | 833 (16.5) | 845 (16.7) | 0.5 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 542 (4.6) | 172 (3.4) | 6.1 | 178 (3.5) | 172 (3.4) | 0.5 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 147 (1.2) | 140 (2.8) | 11.4 | 118 (2.3) | 126 (2.5) | 1.3 |
| Renal disease | 1057 (9.7) | 83 (1.6) | 35.6 | 81 (1.6) | 83 (1.6) | 0 |
| Mild liver disease | 573 (4.8) | 202 (4.0) | 3.9 | 228 (4.5) | 202 (4.0) | 2.5 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 314 (2.6) | 67 (1.3) | 9.4 | 81 (1.6) | 67 (1.3) | 2.5 |
| Malignancy | 2171 (18.2) | 1009 (19.9) | 4.3 | 1002 (19.9) | 1005 (19.9) | 0 |
| Metastatic cancer | 223 (1.9) | 75 (1.5) | 3.1 | 79 (1.6) | 75 (1.5) | 0.8 |
| Hospital annual procedure volume | ||||||
| Very low (0–691) | 2801 (23.5) | 1443 (28.4) | 11.2 | 1442 (28.6) | 1422 (28.2) | 0.9 |
| Low (692–1089) | 2941 (24.7) | 1320 (26.0) | 3.0 | 1289 (25.5) | 1312 (26.0) | 1.1 |
| High (1090–1552) | 3178 (26.7) | 1260 (24.8) | 4.3 | 1242 (24.6) | 1255 (24.9) | 0.7 |
| Very high (>1552) | 2976 (25.0) | 1058 (20.8) | 10.0 | 1073 (21.3) | 1057 (20.9) | 1.0 |
| Drugs use | ||||||
| Low-dose aspirin | 2300 (19.3) | 662 (13.0) | 17.2 | 606 (12.0) | 662 (13.1) | 3.3 |
| Thienopyridines | 848 (7.1) | 391 (7.7) | 2.3 | 342 (6.8) | 387 (7.7) | 3.5 |
| Other antiplatelet drugs | 913 (7.7) | 342 (6.7) | 3.9 | 334 (6.6) | 332 (6.6) | 0 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 2516 (21.1) | 1293 (25.4) | 10.2 | 1289 (25.5) | 1273 (25.2) | 0.7 |
| Corticosteroids | 1758 (14.8) | 662 (13.0) | 5.2 | 636 (12.6) | 662 (13.1) | 1.5 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 8107 (68.1) | 3478 (68.5) | 0.9 | 3477 (68.9) | 3461 (68.6) | 0.6 |
| Endoscopic procedures | ||||||
| Upper GI endoscopic haemostasis | 2465 (20.7) | 902 (17.8) | 7.4 | 915 (18.1) | 902 (17.9) | 0.5 |
| PEG | 2322 (19.5) | 1484 (29.2) | 22.7 | 1426 (28.3) | 1452 (28.8) | 1.1 |
| EST | 1623 (13.6) | 706 (13.9) | 0.9 | 696 (13.8) | 706 (14.0) | 0.6 |
| Lower GI EMR | 2234 (18.8) | 699 (13.8) | 13.6 | 730 (14.5) | 698 (13.8) | 2.0 |
| Lower GI polypectomy | 684 (5.7) | 227 (4.5) | 5.5 | 225 (4.5) | 227 (4.5) | 0 |
| Lower GI ESD | 206 (1.7) | 121 (2.4) | 4.9 | 111 (2.2) | 121 (2.4) | 1.3 |
| Lower GI haemostasis | 795 (6.7) | 322 (6.3) | 1.6 | 313 (6.2) | 321 (6.4) | 0.8 |
| EUS-FNA | 218 (1.8) | 111 (2.2) | 2.9 | 105 (2.1) | 111 (2.2) | 0.7 |
| EIS | 117 (1.0) | 24 (0.5) | 5.8 | 28 (0.5) | 24 (0.5) | 0 |
| EVL | 218 (1.8) | 52 (1.0) | 6.8 | 54 (1.1) | 52 (1.0) | 1.0 |
| Endoscopic balloon dilatation | 143 (1.2) | 77 (1.5) | 2.6 | 74 (1.5) | 76 (1.5) | 0 |
| Upper GI EMR/polypectomy | 259 (2.2) | 81 (1.6) | 4.4 | 68 (1.3) | 81 (1.6) | 2.5 |
| Upper GI ESD | 612 (5.1) | 275 (5.4) | 1.3 | 301 (6.0) | 275 (5.4) | 2.6 |
Data are presented as n (%) with the exception of the standardised difference.
Direct oral anticoagulants include rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran and edoxaban. Low-dose aspirin includes buffered and enteric-coated aspirin. Thienopyridines include ticlopidine, clopidogreland prasugrel. Other antiplatelet drugs include sarpogrelate hydrochloride, ethyl icosapentate, limaprost, dilazep, beraprost, cilostazol and dipyridamole. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include mefenamic acid, indomethacin farnesil, etodolac, ibuprofen, celecoxib, naproxen, zaltoprofen, diclofenac sodium, loxoprofen, meloxicam and lornoxicam. Proton pump inhibitors include omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and vonoprazan.
DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; EIS, endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration; EVL, endoscopic variceal ligation; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.