Differences in anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 GI immune adverse events
| Anti-CTLA-4 | Anti-PD-1 | |
| Incidence of diarrhoea/colitis | 30.2%/5.7% | 12.1%/0.7% |
| Incidence of grade 3–4 diarrhoea/colitis | 7.4 % / 4.1% | 1%/0.4% |
| Immunopathological features | Predominance of colonic mucosal CD4+ T cells and high TNF-α secretion | Predominance of colonic mucosal CD8+ T cells |
| Time to onset after first infusion | 1 month | 2–4 months |
| Time to resolution of GI irAE | 0.5–1.6 months | 1.1–4.2 months |
| Response rate to corticosteroids | 80% | 80% |
CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4; irAE, immune-related adverse effects; PD-1, programmed death-1 TNF. tumour necrosis factor.