Table 3

Urine metabolites changing with intake of whole grain compared with refined grain (values are median (25%–75%) of fold changes calculated as the relative abundance at endpoint divided by the relative abundance at baseline, n=48)

Metabolite	Method	Refined grain fold change	Whole grain fold change	FDR-corrected p value*	Correlation to whole grain intake†
Metabolite	Method	Refined grain fold change	Whole grain fold change	FDR-corrected p value*	Rho	p Value
DHPPA-glucuronide	UPLC-MS	0.67 (0.41–0.87)	1.48 (0.93–2.30)	<0.0001	0.69	<0.0001
2-aminophenol-sulfate	UPLC-MS	0.83 (0.46–1.39)	1.92 (0.81–3.53)	0.003	0.51	<0.0001
Pyrocatechol-glucuronide	UPLC-MS	0.88 (0.60–1.32)	1.57 (0.87–2.23)	0.007	0.33	<0.001
Pyrocatechol-sulfate	UPLC-MS	1.01 (0.74–1.54)	1.64 (0.94–2.16)	0.036	0.37	<0.001
3-methyladipic acid	GC-MS	0.76 (0.54–0.97)	1.11 (0.87–1.34)	0.004	0.20	0.053

See online supplementary table S13 for identification details.
*Linear mixed model adjusted for age and gender followed by correction for multiple testing by the Benjamini-Hochberg approach.
†Spearman’s Rank correlation between metabolites and whole grain intake.
DHPPA, 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)−1-propanoic acid; GC-MS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry.; UPLC-MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.