Effects of diet interventions on body composition, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, satiety hormones, blood pressure, liver markers and markers of inflammation in study participants (values are presented as mean±SD, n=50)
| Variable | Refined grain | Whole grain | p Value* | ||
| Baseline | End | Baseline | End | ||
| Body composition | |||||
| Body weight (kg) | 86.1±12.6 | 87.0±13.0 | 85.4±13.4 | 85.2±13.1 | <0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 29.1±9.2 | 29.8±9.3 | 28.8±9.1 | 28.6±9.5 | 0.057 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 57.1±11.5 | 57.1±11.7 | 56.3±11.6 | 55.4±10.4 | 0.010 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 100.4±8.6 | 100.8±9.1 | 100.1±8.4 | 99.4±9.3 | 0.097 |
| Sagittal abdominal diameter (cm) | 22.9±2.7 | 23.2±2.9 | 23.1±2.9 | 22.7±2.8 | 0.001 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| HOMA-IR | 3.2±1.7 | 3.2±1.8 | 2.9±1.4 | 2.9±1.5 | 0.53 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4±0.3 | 5.5±0.3 | 5.4±0.3 | 5.4±0.3 | 0.17 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)† | 5.7±0.6 | 5.7±0.6 | 5.7±0.5 | 5.6±0.6 | 0.15 |
| Fasting serum C-peptide (pmol/L) | 820±238 | 853±273 | 796±219 | 790±227 | 0.18 |
| Fasting serum insulin (pmol/L)† | 74.1±35.8 | 75.8±37.8 | 66.9±28.9 | 67.7±31.6 | 0.36 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Fasting serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4±1.0 | 5.4±1.0 | 5.4±0.9 | 5.2±0.9 | 0.28 |
| Fasting serum LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.2±0.8 | 3.1±0.8 | 3.2±0.7 | 3.1±0.7 | 0.38 |
| Fasting serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3±0.2 | 1.3±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | 1.3±0.3 | 0.26 |
| Fasting serum triacylglycerol (mmol/L) | 1.2±0.6 | 1.4±0.8 | 1.2±0.4 | 1.3±0.7 | 0.79 |
| Fasting serum FFA (mmol/L)† | 0.4±0.1 | 0.5±0.1 | 0.5±0.1 | 0.5±0.2 | 0.52 |
| Satiety hormones | |||||
| Fasting plasma leptin (ng/mL) | 49.1±35.6 | 54.2±54.7 | 47.7±37.3 | 45.3±42.3 | 0.07 |
| Fasting plasma GLP-1 (pmol/L)† | 11.2±2.4 | 11.8±2.5 | 11.3±2.5 | 11.3±2.1 | 0.41 |
| Fasting plasma GLP-2 (pmol/L)† | 12.5±6.3 | 12.4±5.9 | 11.3±4.1 | 13.2±10.2 | 0.36 |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 124.2±11.8 | 124.1±12.4 | 126.2±12.0 | 124.0±12.6 | 0.67 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79.1±8.0 | 79.4±9.3 | 80.1±8.9 | 79.8±8.9 | 0.74 |
| Liver markers | |||||
| Fasting serum AST (U/L) | 20.5±7.0 | 21.1±8.1 | 21.6±9.7 | 20.9±7.6 | 0.59 |
| Fasting serum ALT (U/L) | 21.6±11.5 | 24.6±16.2 | 23.8±14.1 | 23.6±13.6 | 0.71 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||
| Fasting serum CRP (mg/L) | 3.1±2.6 | 5.0±5.8 | 6.3±14.0 | 4.2±6.8 | 0.003 |
| Fasting serum IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.2±0.7 | 2.0±2.0 | 1.6±1.2 | 1.4±1.1 | 0.009 |
| Fasting serum IL-1β (n=7) (pg/mL)‡ | 0.3±0.4 | 0.6±0.3 | 0.7±1.2 | 0.4±0.4 | 0.008 |
| Fasting serum TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.7±0.8 | 1.7±0.08 | 1.7±0.9 | 1.7±0.9 | 0.87 |
*Linear mixed model adjusted for gender and age.
†See postprandial measures in online supplementary figure S3.
‡Only detected in seven participants, which explains the large variation.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; FFA, free-fatty acids; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; IL, interleukin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha.