Table 1

Total mean daily intake of energy and macronutrient at baseline and during the whole grain and refined grain diet periods as well as intake of provided food products (values are presented as mean±SD, n=50)

	Baseline	Refined grain diet	Whole grain diet	p Value
Total daily intake*
Energy (MJ/day)	9.36±2.29	9.47±2.11	9.22±2.33	0.78
Carbohydrate (E%)	44.6±5.2^a	49.4±5.1^b	48.5±5.4^b	<0.001
Fat (E%)	35.9±4.9^a	29.6±5.4^b	30.0±5.6^b	<0.001
Protein (E%)	14.6±2.0^a	15.5±2.1^b	15.3±2.1^b	0.012
Dietary fibre (g/day)	23±9^a	21±7^a	33±10^b	<0.001
Whole grain (g/day)	68±45^a	13±10^c	179±50^b	<0.001
Gluten (g/day)	12.3±4.1^a	17.8±3.8^b	17.8±4.9^b	<0.001
Intake from provided products†
Provided products (g/day)	-	255±53	244±50	0.074
Whole grain (g/day)	-	6.0±4.8	157.9±35.0	<0.001
Dietary fibre (g/day)	-	10.4±2.4	23.3±4.8	<0.001
Energy (MJ/day)	-	3.17±0.67	2.79±0.59	<0.001
Energy density (KJ/g)	-	12.4±0.5	11.5±0.6	<0.001
Alkylresorcinols (mg/day)‡	-	42±12	92±20	<0.001
Biomarker of whole grain intake
Plasma alkylresorcinols (nmol/L)§	167 (137–198)^a	134 (107–161)^a	380 (255–505)^b	<0.0001

*Daily energy and macronutrient intake were assessed by 4-day precoded food diaries at baseline and after each intervention period. Differences between diets were assessed by a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Different superscripts (^a and ^b) indicate statistical differences within rows (p<0.05).
†Intake of study products was assessed by daily registrations in study diaries during both treatment periods. Differences between the two intervention diets were assessed by paired t-tests.
‡Note that two of the provided products for the refined grain intervention were relatively high in alkylresorcinols, however, still lower than the equivalent whole grain products (see online supplementary table S1).
§Values are presented as mean (CI 95%).