Baseline characteristics according to fatty liver categories
| Characteristics | Overall | Categories of fatty liver | |||
| No excessive alcohol intake and no FLD | Excessive alcohol intake and no FLD | NAFLD | AFLD | ||
| Number | 105 328 | 52 529 | 10 098 | 34 382 | 8319 |
| Age (years)* | 40.8 (7.8) | 40.3 (7.9) | 40.8 (7.9) | 41.1 (7.7) | 42.0 (7.5) |
| Male (%) | 77.5 | 64.7 | 88.6 | 89.1 | 97.4 |
| Current smoker (%) | 28.6 | 20.6 | 44.6 | 30.9 | 49.6 |
| HEPA (%) | 15.6 | 16.5 | 19.6 | 13.0 | 16.0 |
| High education level (%)† | 83.8 | 83.8 | 76.4 | 86.8 | 80.8 |
| Obesity (%)‡ | 39.5 | 19.6 | 31.4 | 64.3 | 72.2 |
| Diabetes (%) | 4.8 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 7.9 | 11.7 |
| Hypertension (%) | 15.3 | 9.1 | 17.0 | 20.5 | 30.9 |
| Family history of CVD (%) | 12.3 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 13.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 (3.3) | 22.8 (2.7) | 23.9 (2.6) | 26.3 (3.1) | 26.8 (3.0) |
| Waist circumference (cm)§ | 84.9 (9.2) | 80.3 (7.8) | 84.0 (7.3) | 90.4 (7.8) | 92.1 (7.6) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)¶ | 112.4 (12.4) | 108.7 (11.8) | 114.5 (11.8) | 115.8 (11.7) | 119.7 (11.9) |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)¶ | 73.0 (9.8) | 70.0 (9.2) | 75.0 (9.6) | 75.4 (9.4) | 79.0 (9.7) |
| Glucose (mg/dL)¶ | 97.4 (15.9) | 93.9 (10.9) | 97.6 (13.2) | 100.8 (19.1) | 105.6 (23.0) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)¶ | 199.4 (34.6) | 193.5 (32.6) | 198.1 (33.4) | 206.2 (35.7) | 210.2 (36.8) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)¶ | 129.0 (32.2) | 122.9 (30.5) | 124.2 (31.3) | 138.0 (32.3) | 136.5 (33.2) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)¶ | 55.2 (14.5) | 59.8 (14.7) | 60.0 (14.9) | 48.0 (10.9) | 49.9 (12.0) |
| Albumin (g/dL)¶ | 4.7 (0.2) | 4.6 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.2) |
| Platelet (×109/L)¶ | 246.2 (50.2) | 243.8 (50.4) | 242.7 (48.3) | 251.1 (50.6) | 244.9 (47.5) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)** | 111 (77–163) | 88 (65–122) | 109 (78–154) | 145 (105–202) | 166 (118–237) |
| AST (U/L)** | 20 (17–25) | 18 (16–22) | 21 (18–25) | 23 (19–29) | 25 (20–32) |
| ALT (U/L)** | 21 (15–32) | 17 (13–23) | 20 (15–27) | 30 (21–45) | 32 (23–46) |
| GGT (U/L)** | 26 (17–44) | 19 (14–28) | 34 (22–56) | 35 (24–54) | 55 (36–88) |
| HOMA-IR** | 1.43 (0.95–2.14) | 1.15 (0.79–1.64) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 1.98 (1.38–2.86) | 2.04 (1.41–2.95) |
| hsCRP (mg/L)** | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) |
| FIB-4¶ | 0.81 (0.37) | 0.82 (0.36) | 0.86 (0.40) | 0.76 (0.34) | 0.87 (0.44) |
| APRI¶ | 0.26 (0.18) | 0.23 (0.15) | 0.25 (0.17) | 0.28 (0.20) | 0.32 (0.23) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day)** †† | 1473.8 (1118.7–1865.1) | 1415.6 (1065.8–1796.1) | 1514.6 (1137.4–1926.0) | 1512.8 (1169.0–1907.8) | 1619.0 (1243.4–2034.6) |
| CAC score >0 (%) | 12.3 | 8.5 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 20.7 |
| CAC score 1–100 (%) | 10.2 | 7.2 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 16.8 |
| CAC score >100 (%) | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.9 |
| CAC score‡‡ | 19 (5–62) | 18 (5–58) | 21 (7–69) | 18 (5–61) | 22 (6–71) |
| FRS >10 (%) | 11.7 | 5.5 | 12.6 | 16.7 | 28.5 |
*mean (SD).
†College graduate.
‡≥BMI ≥25 kg/m2.
§Among 99 729 participants with available waist circumference.
Data are expressed as ¶mean (SD).
**median (IQR) or percentage.
††Among 71 521 participants with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within three SD from log-transformed mean energy intake).
‡‡Among 12 933 participants with CAC score >0.
AFLD, alcoholic fatty liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APRI, aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FIB-4, fibrosis-4; FLD, fatty liver disease; FRS, Framingham risk score; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HEPA, health-enhancing physical activity; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.