Baseline characteristics of the participants included in the gut microbiota study (n=217)
| Characteristics | Lower-fat diet (n=73) | Moderate-fat diet (n=73) | Higher-fat diet (n=71) |
| Age (years) | 23.3 (3.4) | 23.6 (4.0) | 23.4 (4.1) |
| Female | 38 (52.1%) | 38 (52.1%) | 38 (53.5%) |
| Northern area | 35 (47.9%) | 38 (52.1%) | 34 (47.9%) |
| Weight (kg) | 60.2 (10.8) | 59.3 (9.6) | 61.7 (10.4) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.7 (2.6) | 21.7 (2.6) | 21.9 (2.6) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 75.9 (9.2) | 76.6 (8.6) | 76.1 (8.6) |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||
| Systolic | 116.5 (10.6) | 115.8 (9.6) | 114.9 (9.6) |
| Diastolic | 69.8 (6.9) | 69.9 (6.3) | 70.9 (7.1) |
| Blood biomarkers | |||
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.5) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.3) |
| Non-HDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.5) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) |
| Apolipoprotein A1 (mmol/L) | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) |
| Apolipoprotein B (mmol/L) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.1) |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.2 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.5) |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 69.6 (20.5) | 64.6 (22.0) | 67.8 (22.9) |
| Dietary intakes | |||
| Energy (male, kcal/day) | 2080.9 (117.9) | 2099.9 (118.8) | 2087.5 (105.2) |
| Energy (female, kcal/day) | 1696.3 (94.5) | 1709.6 (75.8) | 1686.2 (96.3) |
| Total fat (% TE) | 30.6 (5.1) | 31.0 (4.3) | 30.8 (4.4) |
| Carbohydrate (% TE) | 55.4 (4.8) | 55.4 (4.0) | 54.9 (4.4) |
| Protein (% TE) | 14.1 (1.9) | 13.6 (1.9) | 14.3 (1.8) |
| Fibre (g/day) | 13.5 (5.4) | 12.9 (5.7) | 13.0 (5.5) |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 392.1 (354.1) | 396.6 (318.6) | 388.3 (339.3) |
| Physical activity (kcal/kg/hour) | 3.3 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.1) | 3.0 (1.6) |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%).
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low- density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TE, total energy.