HRs for the risk of Crohn’s disease or UC associated with depression in unadjusted and adjusted models
| Crohn’s disease HR (95% CI) | UC HR (95% CI) | |
| Unadjusted model | ||
| Depression | 1.67 (1.44 to 1.93) | 1.41 (1.29 to 1.55) |
| Multivariable adjusted model | ||
| Depression | 2.11 (1.65 to 2.70) | 2.23 (1.92 to 2.60) |
| Age at start of follow-up | ||
| Under 50 years | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Over 50 years | 0.66 (0.56 to 0.78) | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.25) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Male | 0.71 (0.61 to 0.82) | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02) |
| Socioeconomic status* | ||
| 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2 | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.45) | 1.06 (0.95 to 1.18) |
| 3 | 1.23 (1.00 to 1.50) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.13) |
| 4 | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.28) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.09) |
| 5 | 0.99 (0.77 to 1.27) | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||
| 0 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| >1 | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.58) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.31) |
| Smoking | ||
| Never smoker | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Ex-smoker | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.54) | 1.48 (1.32 to 1.66) |
| Current | 1.64 (1.41 to 1.92) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) |
| Obesity | ||
| Not obese | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Obese | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.10) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93) |
| Anxiety | ||
| No anxiety | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Anxiety diagnosis | 0.72 (0.54 to 0.97) | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.21) |
| Atypical antidepressant | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 1.28 (0.77 to 2.13) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.24) |
| Mirtazapine | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 0.20 (0.03 to 1.41) | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.77) |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitor | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | NA† | 2.77 (0.69 to 11.11) |
| Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 0.81 (0.36 to 1.81) | 0.46 (0.25 to 0.83) |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 0.63 (0.50 to 0.78) | 0.48 (0.42 to 0.55) |
| Serotonin modulator | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 0.59 (0.19 to 1.85) | 0.46 (0.23 to 0.92) |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | ||
| Referent | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medication use | 0.77 (0.61 to 0.97) | 0.59 (0.51 to 0.68) |