Baseline characteristics of GBC cases and controls
| Characteristics | GBC, n=606 (%) | Controls, n=2424 (%) | P value* |
| Age (years) | 0.955 | ||
| <60 | 226 (32.3) | 907 (37.4) | |
| ≥60 | 380 (62.7) | 1517 (62.6) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 195 (32.1) | 781 (32.2) | |
| Female | 411 (67.9) | 1643 (67.8) | 0.984 |
| Gallstones | 119 (19.7) | 480 (19.8) | 0.927 |
| Infectious diseases | |||
| HBV | 59 (9.7) | 104 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| HCV | 27 (4.5) | 41 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver disease | 75 (12.4) | 191 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake | 156 (25.8) | 393 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 204 (33.6) | 448 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 123 (20.3) | 187 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Dyslipoproteinaemia | 176 (29.0) | 373 (15.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 78 (12.9) | 347 (14.3) | 0.36 |
| Obesity | 138 (22.7) | 330 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 134 (22.1) | 625 (25.8) | 0.062 |
| Aspirin use | 142 (23.5) | 926 (38.2) | <0.001 |
| PPI use | 44 (7.3) | 109 (4.5) | 0.005 |
| Duration of use (years) | |||
| ≤3 | 19 (3.1) | 43 (1.8) | 0.034 |
| <3 | 9 (1.5) | 15 (0.6) | 0.031 |
| Dose (cDDD) | |||
| 0–27 | 562 (92.7) | 2291 (95.5) | |
| 28–90 | 15 (2.5) | 45 (1.9) | 0.219 |
| 91–180 | 23 (3.8) | 55 (2.3) | 0.036 |
| >180 | 6 (1.0) | 7 (0.3) | 0.018 |
*P value for difference between total GBC cases and controls.
cDDD, cumulative defined daily dose; GBC, gallbladder cancer; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.