HLA-adjusted OR of cumulative viral detections in stool between 1 and 2 years of age: a matched CDA case and controls study
| Virus/serotype | OR (95% CI) | P value | Cases positive (n)† | Controls positive (n)† | OR (95% CI) Excluding pairs with IA first‡ |
| Any virus | 1.60 (1.12 to 2.29) | 0.01 | 59 | 58 | 1.02 (0.56 to 1.83) |
| HEV* | 2.56 (1.19 to 5.51) | 0.02 | 31 | 16 | 1.04 (0.42 to 2.56) |
| HEV A | 2.10 (0.67 to 6.60) | 0.2 | 13 | 8 | 0.65 (0.13 to 3.15) |
| CVA | 2.53 (0.73 to 8.78) | 0.15 | 7 | 5 | 0.64 (0.06 to 6.96) |
| HEV B | 2.64 (0.84 to 8.36) | 0.1 | 15 | 7 | 1.32 (0.32 to 5.41) |
| CVB | 6.00 (1.27 to 28.46) | 0.02 | 16 | 6 | 2.45 (0.45 to 13.3) |
| Echovirus | 2.27 (0.68 to 7.61) | 0.18 | 11 | 6 | 1.86 (0.42 to 8.21) |
| HAdV* | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.02) | 0.05 | 52 | 55 | 1.03 (0.59 to 1.77) |
| HAdV A | 5.11 (0.71 to 36.63) | 0.1 | 9 | 1 | NA |
| HAdV B | 6.12 (0.55 to 67.70) | 0.14 | 4 | 1 | 2.46 (0.21 to 28.7) |
| HAdV C | 1.74 (0.82 to 3.70) | 0.15 | 19 | 17 | 1.31 (0.45 to 3.88) |
| HAdV F | 1.09 (0.23 to 5.11) | 0.91 | 7 | 7 | 2.87 (0.21 to 39.1) |
| Astrovirus | 0.70 (0.29 to 1.68) | 0.42 | 13 | 18 | 0.45 (0.10 to 1.99) |
| Norovirus | 1.04 (0.42 to 2.62) | 0.93 | 10 | 11 | 0.33 (0.05 to 3.00) |
| Reovirus | NA | NA | 1 | 0 | NA |
| Rotavirus | NA | NA | 0 | 0 | NA |
Total number of pairs with available stool samples is 72.
*Species and serotypes of HEV and HAdV are based on virome capsid mapping after Vipie genus taxonomy identification as follows: enterovirus capsid (VP1-4) repository includes CVA9, CVB1-6, Echovirus 6, 11, 18, 25 and 30. Adenovirus resource includes penton, hexon and fibre regions from prototypes AC_000007, X73487, JX423382, NC_010956, NC_001454 and KF303071.
†Number refers to the number of children having at least one viral sequence read in the stool.
‡Excluded pairs were those with CDA cases being positive for IA or T1D prior to CDA (n=31) or controls being IA positive by the CDA cases’ seroconversion (n=11).
CDA, coeliac disease autoantibody positivity; CVA, coxsackievirus A; CVB, coxsackievirus B; HAdV, human adenovirus; HEV, human enterovirus; IA, islet autoimmunity; NA, not applicable; T1D, type 1 diabetes.