Clinical characteristics of patients with various coronavirus infections
| Clinical characteristics | SARS-CoV (n=1670) | SARS-CoV-2* (n=1040) | Other HCoVs† (n=675) |
| Male gender (n, %) | 734 (44.0) | 560 (53.8) | 386 (57.2) |
| Age (years) | 44±20 | 38±18 | 20±25 |
| Age in median (years) | 41 (29–56) | 35 (22–52) | 5 (2–38) |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 196±84 | 229±75 | 278±117 |
| Platelet <150×109/L (n, %) | 489 (29.4) | 115 (11.5) | 45 (7.8) |
| Missing (%) | 0.3 | 3.6 | 14.7 |
| INR | 1.1±0.3 | 1.1±0.1 | 1.2±0.6 |
| Missing (%) | 11.7 | 46.3 | 64.6 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39±5 | 42±5 | 39±6 |
| Missing (%) | 0.6 | 3.5 | 20.1 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 9±10 | 8±5 | 10±15 |
| Missing (%) | 0.6 | 3.5 | 20.6 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23 (15–39) | 22 (15–34) | 19 (14–29) |
| Missing (%) | 0.6 | 3.5 | 20.7 |
| AST (U/L) | 26 (19–39) | 26 (21–37) | 31 (24–48) |
| Missing (%) | 51.5 | 53.8 | 76.4 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 80 (67–97) | 71 (60–84) | 48 (38–67) |
| Missing (%) | 0.5 | 3.5 | 18.1 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 4.2±5.8 | 1.4±3.5 | 3.7±6.5 |
| Missing (%) | 23.1 | 6.7 | 24.7 |
| ESR (mm/hour) | 32±31 | 24±23 | 55±38 |
| Missing (%) | 45.9 | 49.7 | 81.0 |
| LDH (U/L) | 300 (208-423) | 184 (156-223) | 240 (189-334) |
| Missing (%) | 3.9 | 10.3 | 72.0 |
| WCC (×109/L) | 6.7±3.5 | 5.8±2.0 | 9.9±5.2 |
| WCC <3.5×109/L (n, %) | 160 (9.6) | 88 (8.8) | 17 (3.0) |
| Missing (%) | 0.3 | 3.6 | 14.7 |
| Neutrophil (×109/L) | 5.1±3.2 | 3.7±1.8 | 6.5±4.9 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 3.8 | 16.0 |
| Lymphocyte (×109/L) | 1.0±0.7 | 1.5±0.7 | 2.4±2.0 |
| Lymphocyte <1×109/L (n, %) | 927 (55.6) | 222 (22.2) | 116 (20.5) |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 3.8 | 16.0 |
| HBV infection (n, %) | 116 (8.5) | 31 (4.1) | 9 (5.5) |
| Missing (%) | 18.4 | 26.9 | 75.9 |
| HCV infection (n, %) | 4 (0.7) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (1.5) |
| Missing (%) | 64.1 | 41.4 | 80.7 |
| Cirrhosis (n, %) | 7 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 277 (16.6) | 81 (7.8) | 71 (10.5) |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 355 (21.3) | 144 (13.8) | 138 (20.4) |
| Use of medications during follow-up (n, %) | |||
| Oseltamivir | 145 (8.7) | 66 (6.3) | 134 (19.9) |
| Ribavirin | 1511 (90.5) | 538 (51.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 168 (10.1) | 612 (58.8) | 5 (0.7) |
| Interferon beta | 0 (0) | 330 (31.7) | 2 (0.3) |
| Antibiotic treatment | 1610 (96.4) | 377 (36.3) | 315 (46.7) |
| Antifungal treatment | 161 (9.6) | 2 (0.2) | 26 (3.9) |
| Corticosteroid | 1427 (85.4) | 59 (5.7) | 72 (10.7) |
| Pulse methylprednisolone (≥250 mg/day) | 1076 (64.4) | 5 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) |
| Peak daily dose (prednisolone equivalent, mg) | 625 (625–625) | 37.5 (37.5–50.0) | 56.3 (30–75) |
| IVIG | 175 (10.5) | 3 (0.3) | 6 (0.9) |
| Clinical outcomes (n, %) | |||
| Primary end point | 485 (29.0) | 55 (5.3) | 63 (9.3) |
| Death | 286 (17.1) | 4 (0.4) | 19 (2.8) |
| ICU admission | 336 (20.1) | 53 (5.1) | 49 (7.3) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 61 (3.7) | 22 (2.1) | 40 (5.9) |
All concomitant medications were represented as binary parameters. Percentages were computed based on non-missing values.
*Three patients were coinfected by HCoV-OC43. One patient was coinfected by HCoV-229E.
†Other HCoVs included 127 patients infected with HCoV-229E, 117 with HCoV-HKU1, 57 with HCoV-NL63 and 385 with HCoV-OC43; 4 patients had coinfection of HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43; 3 patients had coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43; 2 patients had coinfection of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43; 2 patients had coinfection of HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63; 1 patient had coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E and 1 patient had coinfection of HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-OC43.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCoV, human coronavirus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalised ratio; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; WCC, white cell count.