OR and 95% CI of GBC associated with PPI use and other covariates
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Infectious diseases | ||
| HBV | 2.31 (1.72 to 3.25)* | <0.001 |
| HCV | 2.65 (1.44 to 4.36)* | <0.001 |
| Fatty liver disease | 1.63 (1.20 to 2.03)* | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake | 1.68 (1.44 to 2.19)* | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 2.23 (1.84 to 2.73)* | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.54 (1.87 to 3.41)* | 0.002 |
| Dyslipoproteinaemia | 2.15 (1.72 to 2.66)* | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.36 |
| Obesity | 2.12 (1.68 to 2.46)* | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.15) | 0.062 |
| Aspirin use | 0.49 (0.38 to 0.63)* | <0.001 |
| PPI use | 1.56 (1.07 to 2.19)* | 0.005 |
| Duration of use (years) | ||
| ≤3 | 1.79 (1.03 to 3.10)* | 0.034 |
| >3 | 2.41 (1.05 to 4.93)* | 0.031 |
| Dose (cDDD) | ||
| 0–27 | ||
| 28–90 | 1.42 (0.80 to 2.41) | 0.219 |
| 91–180 | 1.67 (1.03 to 2.76)* | 0.036 |
| >180 | 2.69 (1.15 to 7.28)* | 0.018 |
*Adjusted OR was estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for other covariates listed in the table.
cDDD, cumulative defined daily dose; GBC, gallbladder cancer; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.