Propensity score-matched subgroup analyses for the potential association of the likelihood on SARS-CoV-2 test positivity with duration of PPI usage among all patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 and the likelihood on clinical outcomes with duration of PPI usage among patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Event | Variable | None | Duration of PPI usage (days) | |
| <30 | ≥30 | |||
| None versus current use of PPI among all patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 (N=27 746) | ||||
| COVID-19 | Event number/total number (%) | 434/13873 (3.1) | 212/7191 (2.9) | 150/6682 (2.2) |
| Minimally adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.08) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.04) | |
| Fully adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.11) | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) | |
| None versus current use of PPI among patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (N=534) | ||||
| Composite endpoint 1‡ | Event number/total number (%) | 32/267 (12.0) | 34/175 (19.4) | 15/92 (16.3) |
| Minimally adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.79 (1.37 to 2.34) | 1.40 (0.94 to 2.32) | |
| Fully adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.77 (1.29 to 2.04) | 1.35 (0.93 to 2.20) | |
| Composite endpoint 2§ | Event number/total number (%) | 14/267 (5.2) | 18/175 (10.3 | 6/92 (6.5) |
| Minimally adjusted OR* (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.92 (1.46 to 2.84) | 1.29 (0.90 to 2.05) | |
| Fully adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.90 (1.46 to 2.77) | 1.35 (0.91 to 2.26) | |
Numbers in bold indicate significant differences (p<0.05).
*Minimally adjusted: adjustment for age and sex.
†Fully adjusted: adjustment for age; sex; region of residence (urban or rural); history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, hypertension and chronic kidney disease; Charlson Comorbidity Index (0, 1 or ≥2); and current use of systemic steroid, metformin and aspirin.
‡Composite endpoint 1 consisted of requirement of oxygen therapy, admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
§Composite endpoint 2 consisted of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.