Propensity score-matched baseline characteristics and SARS-CoV-2 infection test positivity among none versus current use of PPI groups or none versus past use of PPI usage groups in all patients tested for SARS-CoV2
| Characteristic | None versus current use of PPI | SMD | None versus past use of PPI | SMD | ||
| None | Current use of PPI | None | Past use of PPI | |||
| Total, N (%) | 13 873 | 13 873 | 6153 | 6153 | ||
| Age, years (SD) | 56.9 (19.7) | 55.9 (18.8) | 0.048 | 52.3 (19.3) | 51.9 (18.6) | 0.020 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.023 | 0.008 | ||||
| Male | 6754 (48.7) | 6915 (49.9) | 2979 (48.4) | 2953 (48.0) | ||
| Female | 7119 (51.3) | 6958 (50.2) | 3174 (51.6) | 3200 (52.0) | ||
| Region of residence, n (%) | 0.009 | 0.003 | ||||
| Rural | 5762 (41.5) | 5825 (42.0) | 2629 (42.7) | 2639 (42.9) | ||
| Urban | 8111 (58.5) | 8048 (58.0) | 3524 (57.3) | 3514 (57.1) | ||
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3536 (25.5) | 3631 (26.2) | 0.017 | 1262 (20.5) | 1282 (20.8) | 0.009 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 3201 (23.1) | 3367 (24.3) | 0.031 | 957 (15.6) | 1041 (16.9) | 0.039 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 1998 (14.4) | 2040 (14.7) | 0.009 | 589 (9.6) | 649 (10.6) | 0.033 |
| History of COPD, n (%) | 1525 (11.0) | 1646 (11.9) | 0.030 | 525 (8.5) | 592 (9.6) | 0.040 |
| History of asthma, n (%) | 2544 (18.3) | 2612 (18.8) | 0.014 | 972 (15.8) | 986 16.0) | 0.007 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 6116 (44.1) | 6018 (43.4) | 0.015 | 2065 (33.6) | 2080 (33.8) | 0.005 |
| History of chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1423 (10.3) | 1503 (10.8) | 0.021 | 470 (7.6) | 515 (8.4) | 0.028 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, n (%) | 0.010 | 0.002 | ||||
| 0 | 5406 (39.0) | 5150 (37.1) | 2954 (48.0) | 2876 (46.7) | ||
| 1 | 1845 (13.3) | 1889 (13.6) | 860 (14.0) | 893 (14.5) | ||
| ≥2 | 6622 (47.7) | 6834 (49.6) | 2339 (38.0) | 2384 (38.8) | ||
| Current use of medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Systemic steroid | 5351 (38.6) | 5503 (39.7) | 0.023 | 2073 (33.7) | 2132 (34.7) | 0.021 |
| Metformin | 1733 (12.5) | 1768 (12.7) | 0.008 | 584 (9.5) | 595 (9.7) | 0.006 |
| Aspirin | 1540 (11.1) | 1635 (11.8) | 0.024 | 441 (7.2) | 471 (7.7) | 0.020 |
| COVID-19, n (%) | 434 (3.1) | 362 (2.6) | 201 (3.3) | 188 (3.1) | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR* | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.77 to 1.01) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.93 (0.76 to 1.14) | ||
| Fully adjusted OR† | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.01) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.94 (0.77 to 1.15) | ||
An SMD <0.1 indicates no major imbalance. All SMD values were <0.05 in the each propensity score-matched cohort.
*Minimally adjusted: adjustment for age and sex.
†Fully adjusted: adjustment for age; sex; region of residence (urban or rural); history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, hypertension and chronic kidney disease; Charlson Comorbidity Index (0, 1 or ≥2); and current use of systemic steroid, metformin and aspirin.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SMD, standardised mean difference.