Propensity score-matched baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 among none versus current use of PPI groups or none versus past use of PPI usage groups in patients with confirmed laboratory SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Characteristic | None versus current use of PPI | SMD | None versus past use of PPI | SMD | ||
| None | Current use of PPI | None | Past use of PPI | |||
| Total, N (%) | 267 | 267 | 148 | 148 | ||
| Age, years (SD) | 50.3 (17.9) | 50.1 (16.6) | 0.009 | 48.55 (17.1) | 49.0 (16.9) | 0.025 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.007 | 0.069 | ||||
| Male | 100 (37.5) | 101 (37.8) | 58 (39.2) | 63 (42.6) | ||
| Female | 167 (62.6) | 166 (62.2) | 90 (60.8) | 85 (57.4) | ||
| Region of residence, n (%) | 0.037 | 0.027 | ||||
| Rural | 150 (56.2) | 145 (54.3) | 71 (48.0) | 73 (49.3) | ||
| Urban | 117 (43.8) | 122 (45.7) | 77 (52.0) | 75 (50.7) | ||
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 31 (11.6) | 24 (9.0) | 0.078 | 16 (10.8) | 20 (13.5) | 0.079 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 18 (6.7) | 18 (6.7) | <0.001 | 6 (4.1) | 8 (5.4) | 0.051 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 14 (5.2) | 15 (5.6) | 0.013 | 4 (2.7) | 6 (4.1) | 0.050 |
| History of COPD, n (%) | 4 (1.5) | 6 (2.2) | 0.052 | 7 (4.7) | 5 (3.4) | 0.063 |
| History of asthma, n (%) | 17 (6.4) | 23 (8.6) | 0.078 | 12 (8.1) | 13 (8.8) | 0.023 |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 62 (23.2) | 61 (22.9) | 0.009 | 32 (21.6) | 33 (22.3) | 0.016 |
| History of chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 10 (3.7) | 8 (3.0) | 0.039 | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.4) | 0.033 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | 0.016 | 0.134 | ||||
| 0 | 186 (69.7) | 166 (62.2) | 101 (68.2) | 97 (65.5) | ||
| 1 | 29 (10.9) | 43 (16.1) | 21 (14.2) | 16 (10.8) | ||
| ≥2 | 52 (19.5) | 58 (21.7) | 26 (17.6) | 35 (23.7) | ||
| Current use of medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Systemic steroid | 79 (29.6) | 79 (29.6) | <0.001 | 36 (24.3) | 30 (20.3) | 0.096 |
| Metformin | 22 (8.2) | 15 (5.6) | 0.090 | 9 (6.1) | 12 (8.1) | 0.080 |
| Aspirin | 10 (3.8) | 14 (5.2) | 0.067 | 4 (2.7) | 6 (4.1) | 0.060 |
| Composite endpoint 1*, n (%) | 32 (12.0) | 49 (18.4) | 13 (8.8) | 15 (10.1) | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.69 (1.18 to 2.56) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.11 (0.46 to 2.64) | ||
| Fully adjusted OR‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.63 (1.03 to 2.53) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.39 to 2.47) | ||
| Composite endpoint 2§, n (%) | 14 (5.2) | 24 (9.0) | 5 (3.4) | 7 (4.7) | ||
| Minimally adjusted OR† | 1.00 (reference) | 1.82 (1.34 to 2.98) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.29 to 3.65) | ||
| Fully adjusted OR‡ | 1.00 (reference) | 1.79 (1.30 to 3.10) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.18 (0.27 to 5.13) | ||
An SMD <0.1 indicates no major imbalance. All SMD values were <0.1 in the each propensity score-matched cohort, except Charlson Comorbidity Index among none versus past use of PPI groups.
Numbers in bold indicate significant differences (p<0.05).
*Composite endpoint 1 consisted of requirement of oxygen therapy, admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
†Minimally adjusted: adjustment for age and sex.
‡Fully adjusted: adjustment for age; sex; region of residence (urban or rural); history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, hypertension and chronic kidney disease; Charlson Comorbidity Index (0, 1 or ≥2); and current use of systemic steroid, metformin and aspirin.
§Composite endpoint 2 consisted of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SMD, standardised mean difference.