Propensity score-matched additional analysis for the association of the risk on clinical outcomes with PPI usage among patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (none vs current use of PPI among patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=534))
| Event | Variable | None | Dose of PPI usage | |
| Once-daily PPI use | Twice-daily PPI use or more | |||
| Composite endpoint 1* | Event number/total number (%) | 32/267 (12.0) | 38/222 (17.1) | 11/45 (24.4) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.54 (0.93 to 2.55) | 2.39 (1.11 to 5.17) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.49 (0.87 to 2.50) | 2.36 (1.08 to 5.10) | |
| Composite endpoint 2§ | Event number/total number (%) | 14/267 (5.2) | 17/222 (7.7) | 7/45 (15.6) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.51 (0.74 to 3.14) | 3.35 (1.27 to 8.80) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.49 (0.71 to 3.10) | 3.30 (1.22 to 8.73) | |
| Duration of PPI usage | ||||
| None | 7–30 days | ≥30 days | ||
| Composite endpoint 1* | Event number/total number (%) | 32/267 (12.0) | 29/149 (19.5) | 15/92 (16.3) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.78 (1.04 to 3.08) | 1.40 (0.94 to 2.32) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.76 (1.01 to 3.05) | 1.35 (0.93 to 2.20) | |
| Composite endpoint 2§ | Event number/total number (%) | 14/267 (5.2) | 16/149 (10.7) | 6/92 (6.5) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 2.18 (1.04 to 4.61) | 1.29 (0.90 to 2.05) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 2.16 (1.02 to 4.58) | 1.35 (0.91 to 2.26) | |
| Current PPI users (prehospitalisation PPI usage) | ||||
| None | Without posthospitalisation PPI usage | With posthospitalisation PPI usage¶ | ||
| Composite endpoint 1* | Event number/total number (%) | 32/267 (12.0) | 37/236 (15.7) | 12/31 (38.7) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.38 (0.83 to 2.28) | 4.65 (2.06 to 10.45) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.34 (0.80 to 2.25) | 4.60 (2.03 to 10.38) | |
| Composite endpoint 2§ | Event number/total number (%) | 14/267 (5.2) | 20/236 (8.5) | 4/31 (12.9) |
| Minimally adjusted OR† (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.68 (0.84 to 3.42) | 2.69 (0.84 to 8.72) | |
| Fully adjusted OR‡ (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 1.66 (0.81 to 3.35) | 2.65 (0.80 to 8.68) | |
Number in bold indicate significant differences (p<0.05).
*Composite endpoint 1 consisted of requirement of oxygen therapy, admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
†Minimally adjusted: adjustment for age and sex.
‡Fully adjusted: adjustment for age; sex; region of residence (urban or rural); history of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, COPD, hypertension and chronic kidney disease; Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1 or ≥2); and current use of systemic steroid, metformin and aspirin.
§Composite endpoint 2 consisted of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation or death.
¶Posthospitalisation PPI usage was defined as in-hospital PPI use in general wards, not intensive care units.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; ;SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.