Table 1

Regulation and partial target genes of microRNAs (miRNAs) in liver diseases

Disease	miRNAs	Levels in circulation*	Expression in liver*	Identified targets (references)
ALD	miR-122	↑61	↓21	HIF1A/Hif1a 20 21
	miR-223	↑33	↑33	Il6 33
	miR-21	Unknown	↑49	FASLG, DR5, 49 VHL 48
	miR-155	↑61	↑64	Ppara, Pparg, Cebpb, 62 Ship1, Socs1, Irak-m, 63 Mtor, Rheb, Lamp1, Lamp2 64
NAFLD	miR-122	↑15 16	↑In steatosis16 ↔16/↓14 in NASH	DGAT1/Dgat1, AGPAT1/Agpat1, 20 Cidec, Ccl2, 17 Klf6 18
	miR-192	↑16	↑In steatosis16	RICTOR 28
	miR-223	↑16 34	↑16 34	Cxcl10, Taz, 34 SR-BI, HMGCS1, SC4MOL, SP3 40
	miR-21 miR-29	↑16 Unknown	↑14 44–46 Unknown	Foxo1, Foxa2, Hnf4a, Stat3, Insig2, 47 HBP1, 44 PTEN, 46 Ppara 45 Pgc1a, G6Pase 69
Liver	miR-223	↑or ↓†35	↑35	Nlrp3 37
Fibrosis	miR-21	Unknown	↑7 50	Smad7, Pdcd4, Pten 50
	miR-29	29a↓6	↓6	Col1a1, Col4a5, Col5a3 6
AIH	miR-155	↓60	↑60	Ship1 60
HBV	miR-122	↑2 13	↓23	CCNG1 23
ALF	miR-223	↑35	↑35	Ikka 36
	miR-21	↑52	↑53	Btg2, 53 Rhob, 54 PDCD4 52
HCC	miR-122	↑2 13	↓2 13	CCNG1, IGF1R, ADAM10, SRF, WNT1, 2 13 CUTL1, 11 Cux1, Rhoa, Iqgap1, Mapre1, Nedd4l, Slc25a34, 12 Prom1 18
	miR-192 miR-194	↑41 84 ↑41	↓29 ↓25 30	PABPC4, 29 EREG/Ereg, ALCAM/Alcam, MSN/Msn 26 CDH2, RAC1, HBEGF, IGF1R, 30 GYG1/Gyg1, SETD5/Setd5, SUMO2/Sumo2, CLN4B/Cln4b, RAP2B/Rap2b, 26 FZD6/Fzd6 25
	miR-223	↑2 or ↓41	↓38	STMN1, 38 Cxcl10, Taz, Serpinb9, Nrxn1, Slc1a4, Slc16a6, Dock11 34
	miR-21	↑41 58	↑57	PTEN, 42 57 PDCD4, RECK, 42 ARHGAP24, TIMP3, 59 SPAY1/Spry1, SPRY2/Spry2 51
	miR-155	Unknown	↑65 66	CEBPb, 65 67 APC, 66 SMAD1, MYLK 67
	miR-29	miR-29a↑84 miR-29c↑84	↓70 71	DNMT3A, 70 MCL-1, BCL2, 71

*Levels of miRNAs in the serum and liver may vary in different stages of liver diseases.
†Serum miR-223 is increased in fibrotic mouse model, but decreased in patients with liver fibrosis/cirrhosis.
ADAM10, disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10; AGPAT1, acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 1; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; ALCAM, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule; ALD, alcohol-associated liver disease; ALF, acute liver failure; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; ARHGAP24, Rho GTPase-activating protein 24; BCL2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Ccl2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCNG1, cyclin G1; CDH2, cadherin 2; Cebpb, CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta; Cidec, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c; CLN4B, Cullin 4B; Col1a1, collagen, type I, alpha 1; Col4a5, collagen type IV alpha 5; Col5a3, collagen type V alpha 3; CUTL1, Cut like homeobox 1; Cxcl10, (C-X-C motif) chemokine 10; DGAT1, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; DNMT3A, DNA methyltransferase 3A; Dock11, dedicator of cytokinesis 11; DR5, death receptor 5; EREG, epiregulin; FASLG, Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6); Foxa2, forkhead box protein a2; Foxo1, forkhead box protein o1; FZD6, frizzled class receptor 6; G6Pase, glucose 6-phosphatase; GYG1, glycogenin 1; HBEGF, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor; HBP1, HMG-box transcription factor 1; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HMGCS1, member 1; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1; Hnf4a, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor 1; Il6, interleukin 6; Insig2, insulin induced gene 2; Irak-m, interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinase m; Klf6, Kruppel like factor 6; Lamp, lysosomal-associated membrane protein; Mapre1, microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1; MCL-1, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1; MSN, moesin; Mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin; MYLK, myosin light chain kinase; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; Nedd4l, NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; Nlrp3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; Nrxn1, neurexin 1; PABPC4, poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 4; Pdcd4, programmed cell death 4; Pgc1a, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α; Ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; RECK, reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs; Rheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain; Rhoa, Ras homolog family member a; RICTOR, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin; SC4MOL, methylsterol monooxygenase 1; Serpinb9, serpin family B member 9; SETD5, SET domain containing 5; SETDB1, SET domain, bifurcated 1; Ship1, SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1; Slc1a4, solute carrier family 1 member 4; Slc16a6, solute carrier family 16 member 6; Slc25a34, solute carrier family 25 member 34; Smad, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; Socs1, suppressor of cytokine signaling; SP3, Sp3 transcription factor; SR-BI, scavenger receptor class B; SRF, serum response factor; SS, simple steatosis; Stat3, signal tranducer and activator of transcription 3; STMN1, stathmin 1; SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier; Taz, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif; TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3; VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau; WNT1, wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1.