Patient characteristics
| Parameter | All patients | ACLF precipitated by other causes | ACLF precipitated by severe alcoholic hepatitis | P value |
| Epidemiology | ||||
| Patients, n (%) | 237 | 155 (65.4) | 82 (34.6) | |
| Gender, male/female (%) | 156 (65.8)/81 (34.2) | 105 (67.7)/50 (32.3) | 51 (62.2)/31 (37.8) | 0.392 |
| Age, median, range | 58 (30–85) | 61 (30–85) | 52 (30–69) | 0.011 |
| Patients who died, n (%) | 169 (71.3) | 112 (72.3) | 57 (69.5) | 0.654 |
| Follow-up days, median, range | 17 (0–1501) | 18 (0–1501) | 15 (0–1137) | 0.695 |
| Aetiology of liver disease, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Alcohol abuse | 142 (59.9) | 64 (41.3) | 78 (95.1) | |
| Viral hepatitis | 44 (18.6) | 40 (25.8) | 4 (4.9) | |
| NASH | 20 (8.4) | 20 (12.9) | – | |
| Others | 31 (13.1) | 31 (20.0) | – | |
| Transplanted patients, n (%) | 12 (5.1) | 12 (7.7) | – | 0.009 |
| MELD score at admission, median, range | 25 (7–40) | 25 (7–40) | 27 (9–40) | 0.389 |
| Lactate at admission (mg/dL), median, range | 30 (5–259) | 29 (5–164) | 32 (7–259) | 0.2 |
| Dialysis during ICU stay, n (%) | 117 (49.4) | 75 (48.4) | 42 (51.2) | 0.682 |
| Mechanical ventilation during ICU stay, n (%) | 180 (75.9) | 115 (74.2) | 65 (79.3) | 0.418 |
| ACLF grade, n (%) | 0.052 | |||
| 1 | 51 (21.5) | 35 (22.6) | 16 (19.5) | |
| 2 | 86 (36.3) | 64 (41.3) | 22 (26.8) | |
| 3 | 100 (42.2) | 56 (36.1) | 44 (53.7) | |
| Year of admission to ICU, n (% all) patients | <0.001 | |||
| 2017 | 59 | 43 (72.9) | 16 (27.1) | |
| 2018 | 49 | 37 (75.5) | 12 (24.5) | |
| 2019 | 61 | 46 (75.4) | 15 (24.6) | |
| 2020 | 68 | 29 (42.6) | 39 (57.4) | |
Bold p-values are considered significant.
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; ICU, intensive care unit; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.