Table 1

Evidence table describing the characteristics of the 30 studies included in the analysis

Authors	Country	Design	Setting (not ICU/ICU/both/NR)	Non-ACLF (n)	ACLF (n)	Non-ACLF deaths (n)	ACLF deaths (n)	Summary numbers of underlying CLD (OH/viral/OH+viral/other/unknown)	Summary of triggers (OH/viral/infection/GIB/other/unknown)	UHC	Newcastle-Ottawa Scale score
Europe
Moreau et al 11*	Europe	Prospective	NR	928	415	130	212	60.3/13/9.3/22.4/NA	24.5/–/32.6/13.2/8.3/41.6	74.2	8
McPhail et al 19†	UK	Prospective	NR	43	37	3	15	–	–	80	6
Barosa et al 20†	Portugal	Retrospective	Not ICU	128	49	26	29	56/10.4/22.9/–/–	37.5/–/64.6/22.9/–/–	80	7
Alexopoulou et al 21†	Greece	Prospective	Not ICU	104	78	32	57	56.4/21.8/–/21.8/–	–	70	7
Huelin et al 22*	Spain and Italy	Prospective	Both	287	197	34	102	–	–	78.5	7
Antunes et al 23†	Portugal	Retrospective	NR	577	202	179	127	–	27.7/–/64.4/18.8/3.9/20.8	80	7
Piano et al 24*	Italy	Prospective	Not ICU	348	118	31	68	34/58/–/8/–	–	82	7
Blasi et al 25†	Spain	Prospective	NR	24	36	1	20	72/19/–/9/–	31/–/36/22/–/–	77	5
Perdigoto et al 26†	Portugal	Prospective	Both	79	39	6	25	–	30.7/–/74.4/–/–/11.8	80	7
Ferreira Cardoso et al 27†	Portugal	Retrospective	Both	68	38	20	32	89.5/23.7/–/–/–	50/–/39.6/–/–/–	80	8
Mani et al 28†	Greece	Prospective	Not ICU	86	39	21	23	66.7/7.7/–/25.6/–	–	70	8
Zaccherini et al 29*	Italy	Prospective	Not ICU	–	59	–	16	19.2/43.9/2.7/36.8/–	–/–/21.2/6.5/–/–	82	6
Niewiński et al 30†	Poland	Prospective	Not ICU	11	44	1	19	46/27/–/27/–	–	75	8
South America
Silva et al 31*	Brazil	Prospective	Both	146	46	17	30	46/44/–/11/–	–	77	7
Dominguez et al 32†	Argentina	Prospective	NR	–	29	–	–	58/13/6/23/–	–/–/41.3/27.5/3.4/27.5	76	7
Picon et al 33†	Brazil	Prospective	Not ICU	71	42	11	33	47.6/35.7/–/16.7/–	7.1/–/14.3/14.3/19/–	77	7
Rosado Cipriano et al 34†	Peru	Prospective	Not ICU	84	34	18	26	52.9/3/–/26.5/–	–/–/29.4/41.7/–/–	78	8
Leão et al 35†	Brazil	Prospective	Not ICU	103	43	–	32	–	–	77	5
North America
Hernaez et al 36*	USA	Retrospective	NR	53 234	19 082	11 355	7637	28/12.8/40/–/–	28.6/–/14.5/8.5/–/–	80	8
Sundaram et al 37*	USA	Retrospective	NR	79 520	21 074	3838	4378	25.6/19.6/7.7/13.6/–	–	80	7
East Asia
Shi et al 14*	China	Prospective	NR	1095	266	138	165	10.9/63.9/12.3/4.5/8.6	6.4/39.5/31.2/10.5/3.8/26.3	76	7
Kim et al 38†	South Korea	Prospective	NR	1273	197	50	107	63.1/19.8/7.6/8/–	40.5/4.1/9/31.2/3.2/–	80	8
Shi et al 39*	China	Prospective	NR	1245	209	122	130	15.9/59.3/6.7/7.7/12	–/–/44.5/22/0.5/39.7	76	7
Song et al 40†	South Korea	Retrospective	NR	1218	197	84	79	73.6/14.2/7.1/5.1/–	43.7/2/19.8/30.5/6.1/–	80	7
South Asia
Dhiman et al 41†	India	Prospective	NR	12	38	2	27	–	40/8/66/4/–/8	56	8
Amarapurkar et al 42†	India	Prospective	Both	33	29	3	18	–	17.2/–/51.7/17.2/13.7/10.3	56	1
Gupta et al 43†	India	Prospective	ICU	57	122	–	96	64.8/12.3/3.9/18.9/–	24.6/9.9/36/4.9/3.9/7.4	56	7
Selva Rajoo et al 44†	Singapore	Retrospective	Both	6	64	0	43	20.5/50/–/16.6/–	7.7/29.5/59/24.4/9/14.1	86	8
Maipang et al 45†	Thailand	Retrospective	NR	–	343	–	215	5.0/59.1/–/35.8/–	9.7/2/53.6/22.7/–/16	75	6
Sirimongkolkasem et al 46†	Thailand	Prospective	Not ICU	55	40	12	23	25.2/29.5/20/26.3/–	4.2/–/28.4/28.4/9.4/15.8	75	8

*LT-free.
†Overall mortality.
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; CLD, chronic liver disease; GIB, GI bleeding; ICU, intensive care unit; LT, liver transplantation; NA, not available; NR, not reported; OH, alcohol; UHC, universal health coverage index.