Demographic information and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents
| Category | Total no. of children/ adolescents (3781), n (%) | H. pylori infected, n | H. pylori uninfected, n | H. pylori infection rate (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value* | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Demographic information | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 1771 (46.84) | 351 | 1420 | 19.82 | Reference | |||
| Male | 2010 (53.16) | 426 | 1584 | 21.19 | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.29) | 0.265 | ||
| Age (year) | ||||||||
| 1–6 | 966 (25.55) | 170 | 796 | 17.60 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 7–11 | 1522 (40.25) | 309 | 1213 | 20.30 | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.45) | 0.124 | 1.32 (0.79 to 2.22) | 0.287 |
| 12–17 | 1293 (34.20) | 298 | 995 | 23.05 | 1.35 (1.09 to 1.67) | 0.005 | 1.34 (0.76 to 2.36) | 0.309 |
| No. of siblings | ||||||||
| 0 | 2310 (61.09) | 473 | 1837 | 20.48 | Reference | |||
| 1 | 1290 (34.12) | 269 | 1021 | 20.85 | 1.02 (0.86 to 1.21) | 0.821 | ||
| 2 | 147 (3.89) | 30 | 117 | 20.41 | 1.02 (0.67 to 1.54) | 0.943 | ||
| Three and more | 34 (0.90) | 5 | 29 | 14.71 | 0.68 (0.26 to 1.77) | 0.433 | ||
| Birth order | ||||||||
| First | 3012 (79.66) | 640 | 2372 | 21.25 | Reference | |||
| Second | 702 (18.57) | 129 | 573 | 18.38 | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.05) | 0.121 | ||
| Third | 57 (1.51) | 7 | 50 | 12.28 | 0.53 (0.24 to 1.18) | 0.530 | ||
| Fourth and more | 10 (0.26) | 1 | 9 | 10.00 | 0.42 (0.05 to 3.33) | 0.412 | ||
| Living habits | ||||||||
| Drinking tap water | ||||||||
| No | 3502 (92.62) | 705 | 2797 | 20.13 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 279 (7.38) | 72 | 207 | 25.81 | 1.39 (1.05 to 1.84) | 0.023 | 1.64 (0.74 to 3.64) | 0.227 |
| Washing hands before meal and after defecation | ||||||||
| No | 328 (8.67) | 81 | 247 | 24.70 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 3453 (91.33) | 696 | 2757 | 20.16 | 0.76 (0.59 to 1.00) | 0.047 | 0.87 (0.39 to 1.91) | 0.723 |
| Cafeteria dining | ||||||||
| Rare | 3203 (84.71) | 657 | 2546 | 20.51 | Reference | |||
| Frequent | 578 (15.29) | 120 | 458 | 20.76 | 1.02 (0.82 to 1.27) | 0.870 | ||
| Dining at road side restaurant | ||||||||
| Rare | 3514 (92.94) | 709 | 2805 | 20.18 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Frequent | 267 (7.06) | 68 | 199 | 25.47 | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.84) | 0.028 | 2.06 (0.99 to 4.28) | 0.052 |
| Dining at hotel restaurant | ||||||||
| Rare | 3623 (95.82) | 743 | 2880 | 20.51 | Reference | |||
| Frequent | 158 (4.18) | 34 | 124 | 21.52 | 1.05 (0.71 to 1.56) | 0.802 | ||
| Parental mouth-to-mouth feeding | ||||||||
| No | 3781 (100.00) | 777 | 3004 | 20.55 | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Habit of holding toys in mouth | ||||||||
| No | 3605 (95.35) | 739 | 2866 | 20.50 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 176 (4.65) | 38 | 138 | 21.59 | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.54) | 0.726 | ||
| Parents kissing their children mouth-to-mouth | ||||||||
| No | 3515 (92.96) | 721 | 2794 | 20.51 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 266 (7.04) | 56 | 210 | 21.05 | 1.03 (0.76 to 1.40) | 0.833 | ||
| Family member infection status | ||||||||
| Father infected† | ||||||||
| No | 1266 (52.77) | 203 | 1063 | 16.03 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1133 (47.23) | 305 | 828 | 26.92 | 1.91 (1.57 to 2.34) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.08 to 2.61) | 0.020‡ |
| Mother infected§ | ||||||||
| No | 1661 (57.02) | 248 | 1413 | 14.93 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1252 (42.98) | 339 | 913 | 27.08 | 2.06 (1.71 to 2.48) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.10 to 2.63) | 0.017‡ |
| Grandfather infected¶ | ||||||||
| No | 474 (52.20) | 85 | 389 | 17.93 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 434 (47.80) | 93 | 341 | 21.43 | 1.24 (0.89 to 1.72) | 0.209 | ||
| Grandmother infected** | ||||||||
| No | 728 (58.24) | 109 | 619 | 14.97 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 522 (41.76) | 121 | 401 | 23.18 | 1.72 (1.29 to 2.29) | <0.001 | 1.32 (0.85 to 2.03) | 0.214 |
| Sibling infected | ||||||||
| All negative or no sibling | 3449 (91.22) | 638 | 2811 | 18.50 | Reference | Reference | ||
| At least one positive | 332 (8.78) | 139 | 193 | 41.87 | 3.19 (2.52 to 4.04) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.17 to 1.10) | 0.080 |
*P value was calculated by univariate logistic regression, p<0.05 indicates that infection risk increase/decrease significantly compared with the reference group.
†Only children who cohabitated with their father were included.
‡Independent risk factors for H. pylori infection compared with the reference group. P value was calculated by multivariate logistic regression and was adjusted with items of p<0.1 in univariate logistic regression.
§Only children who cohabitated with their mother were included.
¶Only children who cohabitated with their grandfather were included.
**Only children who cohabitated with their grandmother were included.