Characteristics of study population with PDAC cases and controls matched by age, sex, practice and calendar year of diagnosis
| Characteristics | PDAC cases | Controls | |
| Total, N | 28 137 | 261 219 | |
| Age at index date | Mean (SD) | 72.8 (11.9) | 72.0 (11.7) |
| Sex | Female | 14 106 (50.1) | 131 338 (50.3) |
| Male | 14 031 (49.9) | 129 881 (49.7) | |
| Ethnicity | White | 14 531 (51.6) | 167 751 (64.2) |
| Indian | 213 (0.8) | 3038 (1.2) | |
| Pakistani | 132 (0.5) | 1376 (0.5) | |
| Bangladeshi | 63 (0.2) | 806 (0.3) | |
| Other Asian | 104 (0.4) | 1464 (0.6) | |
| Black Caribbean | 287 (1.0) | 2606 (1.0) | |
| Black African | 142 (0.5) | 1646 (0.6) | |
| Chinese | 43 (0.2) | 555 (0.2) | |
| Other | 223 (0.8) | 2257 (0.9) | |
| Not recorded | 12 399 (44.1) | 79 720 (30.5) | |
| Deprivation quintile | 1 (least deprived) | 8281 (29.4) | 81 857 (31.3) |
| 2 | 6922 (24.6) | 66 688 (25.5) | |
| 3 | 5688 (20.2) | 50 582 (19.4) | |
| 4 | 4217 (15.0) | 36 442 (14.0) | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 2968 (10.5) | 25 246 (9.7) | |
| Not recorded | 61 (0.2) | 404 (0.2) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 807 (2.9) | 3919 (1.5) |
| 18.5 to <25 | 8923 (31.7) | 73 050 (28.0) | |
| 25 to <30 | 8735 (31.0) | 85 354 (32.7) | |
| 30 to <35 | 3738 (13.3) | 36 753 (14.1) | |
| 35 to <40 | 1125 (4.0) | 11 368 (4.4) | |
| ≥40 | 385 (1.4) | 4203 (1.6) | |
| Not recorded | 4424 (15.7) | 46 572 (17.8) | |
| Smoking status | Non-smoker | 12 557 (44.6) | 129 951 (49.7) |
| Ex-smoker | 8238 (29.3) | 76 820 (29.4) | |
| Light smoker (1–10 cigarettes/day) | 2791 (9.9) | 17 868 (6.8) | |
| Moderate smoker (11–19/day) | 1371 (4.9) | 8302 (3.2) | |
| Heavy smoker (≥20/day) | 1037 (3.7) | 5539 (2.1) | |
| Not recorded | 2143 (7.6) | 22 739 (8.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption | Non-drinker | 9416 (33.5) | 77 786 (29.8) |
| Trivial <1 unit/day | 7126 (25.3) | 69 850 (26.7) | |
| Light 1–2 units/day | 3208 (11.4) | 32 104 (12.3) | |
| Moderate 3–6 units/day | 3607 (12.8) | 32 665 (12.5) | |
| Heavy 7–9 units/day | 343 (1.2) | 2522 (1.0) | |
| Very heavy >9 units/day | 171 (0.6) | 1068 (0.4) | |
| Not recorded | 4266 (15.2) | 45 224 (17.3) | |
| Comorbidities | Type 2 diabetes | 6925 (24.6) | 32 962 (12.6) |
| Pre-diabetes | 1672 (5.9) | 11 167 (4.3) | |
| Acute pancreatitis | 737 (2.6) | 1568 (0.6) | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 321 (1.1) | 356 (0.1) | |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 4911 (17.5) | 45 179 (17.3) | |
| Venous thromboembolism | 1646 (5.8) | 9058 (3.5) | |
| Asthma | 2990 (10.6) | 26 659 (10.2) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 337 (1.2) | 2709 (1.0) | |
| Coeliac disease | 143 (0.5) | 857 (0.3) | |
| Breast cancer* | 771 (2.7) | 5957 (2.3) | |
| Ovarian cancer† | 82 (0.3) | 411 (0.2) | |
| Prostate cancer‡ | 678 (2.4) | 5230 (2.0) | |
| Pancreatic cyst | 192 (0.7) | 115 (0.0) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 540 (1.9) | 4710 (1.8) | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 24 (0.1) | 238 (0.1) | |
| Multiple sclerosis | 72 (0.3) | 634 (0.2) | |
| AIDS/HIV | 24 (0.1) | 123 (0.0) | |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 75 (0.3) | 719 (0.3) | |
| Medications | Insulin | 1984 (7.1) | 5977 (2.3) |
| Sulphonylureas | 3805 (13.5) | 15 528 (5.9) | |
| Metformin | 5143 (18.3) | 24 082 (9.2) | |
| Alphaglucosidase | 158 (0.6) | 850 (0.3) | |
| Meglitinide | 121 (0.4) | 524 (0.2) | |
| DPP4-inihibitor | 1028 (3.7) | 4004 (1.5) | |
| Thiazolidinedione | 952 (3.4) | 4551 (1.7) | |
| GLP-1 agonist | 161 (0.6) | 782 (0.3) | |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 200 (0.7) | 718 (0.3) | |
| Proton-pump inhibitor | 17 367 (61.7) | 109 837 (42.0) | |
| Histamine-2 receptor blocker | 6526 (23.2) | 45 174 (17.3) | |
| Aspirin | 10 985 (39.0) | 89 650 (34.3) | |
| Statin | 11 940 (42.4) | 100 164 (38.3) | |
| Bisphosphonate | 2642 (9.4) | 22 445 (8.6) | |
| Immunosupressant | 230 (0.8) | 1597 (0.6) | |
| Digoxin | 1441 (5.1) | 10 315 (3.9) |
Figures are numbers (%) unless otherwise specified.
*Breast cancer (female population): Overall 6723 (4.6%); PDAC 771 (5.5%); controls 5952 (4.5%).
†Ovarian cancer (female population): Overall 491 (0.3%); PDAC 82 (0.6%); controls 409 (0.3%).
‡Prostate cancer (male population): Overall 5907 (4.1%); PDAC 678 (4.8%); controls 5229 (4.0%).
PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.