Abstract
Many tumor immunologists favor the hypothesis that optimal anti-tumor activity is mediated by type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that the production of type 2 CD4+ T cells may be counterproductive for effective anti-tumor immunity. Since Stat6-deficient or “knockout” mice lack the signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 protein and are unable to transmit signals initiated by the type 2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, they have been studied to confirm the T h 1 vs T h 2 paradigm. Using transplantable tumor cells that cause primary solid tumors and metastatic disease, as well as a spontaneous transgenic tumor model, multiple studies have demonstrated that Stat6-/- mice are able to reject or delay primary tumor growth, prevent recurrence of primary tumors, and/or reject established, spontaneous metastatic disease. Deletion of the Stat6 gene, therefore, provides significantly enhanced immunosurveillance. Comparable experiments with CD1-deficient mice, which lack NKT cells and hence are deficient for IL-13, give similar results and suggest that removal of NKT cells also enhances immunosurveillance. Because immunity is enhanced in the absence of Stat6 or CD1, it has been hypothesized that these deletions result in the removal of an inhibitor that blocks constitutive immunosurveillance. Several mechanisms have been tested as potential inhibitors, including CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, IL-13, a T h 2 shift, and myeloid suppressor cells. Although the first three mechanisms do not appear to be relevant, regression of myeloid suppressor cells in Stat6-deficient and CD1-deficient mice may be responsible for enhanced immunosurveillance. Although additional studies are clearly needed to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying improved anti-tumor immunity in Stat6-/- and CD1-/- mice, deletion of these genes results in a potent anti-tumor immunity and may be a basis for an immunotherapy strategy.
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Abbreviations
- Stat6:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- MSC:
-
myeloid suppressor cell
- BALB/c NeuT:
-
transgenic mice that spontaneously develop mammary carcinoma
- Stat6-/-NeuT+/- :
-
Stat6-deficient, BALB/c NeuT mice
- Stat6-/-IFNγ-/- :
-
Stat6-deficient, interferon-γ-deficient BALB/c mice
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr Guido Forni for generously providing breeding pairs of the BALB/c NeuT mice used in these studies. We also thank Dr Beth Pulaski for setting up the BALB/c NeuT × Stat6-/- matings, and Ms Sandy Mason for her capable care of the mice.
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This article forms part of the Symposium in Writing “Inhibitors of immunosurveillance and anti-tumor immunity,” published in Vol. 53. These studies were supported by NIH R01CA52527 and R01CA84232, and by DOD US Army Research and Materiel Command DAMD17-01-1-0312. Reported animal studies adhered to NIH guidelines for the humane treatment of laboratory animals, and have been approved by the UMBC IACUC.
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Ostrand-Rosenberg, S., Sinha, P., Clements, V. et al. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) and CD1: inhibitors of immunosurveillance against primary tumors and metastatic disease. Cancer Immunol Immunother 53, 86–91 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-003-0446-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-003-0446-z