Cell
ReviewGene regulation by steroid hormones
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2022, Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Estrogens can influence hippocampal function through changes in gene expression or through rapid membrane signaling via kinase-induced protein phosphorylation (Fig. 5). The classic estrogen signaling includes the activation of nuclear ERα and ERβ; upon activation by estradiol, these receptors act as transcription factors, bind estrogen response elements (EREs) in the DNA, and modulate expression of estrogen-target genes (Fig. 5) (Beato, 1989). ERα and ERβ are also localized in the cell membrane and mediate rapid estrogen effects (Sellers et al., 2015).
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2021, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :In the nucleus, the GR is capable to transcriptionally activate (transactivation) or repress (transrepression) gene expression, as a monomer, homo- or hetero-dimer, via direct contact with DNA or indirectly via interaction with transcription factors (indirect/tethered transrepression) (Timmermans et al., 2019). Classically, the GR homodimer binds to positive GREs, in a generally accepted consensus sequence (GGAACAnnnTGTTCT) or in others with minor variations, upregulating the transcription (direct transactivation) (Fig. 3) (Beato, 1989). Binding of GR to DNA modulates the transcription of downstream coding sequences by attracting numerous associated proteins as RNA polymerase II and its ancillary factors and protein coregulator (coactivator or corepressor) complexes (Glass and Rosenfeld, 2000; Ratman et al., 2013).