Cell
Volume 74, Issue 1, 16 July 1993, Pages 1-4
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Protein traffic on the heat shock promoter: Parking, stalling, and trucking along

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      Under normal conditions, hsp70 is transcribed at low levels but within seconds undergoes a several hundred-fold increase in transcription in response to heat shock [5]. This rapid activation is brought about by the activities of a number of factors, including the heat shock factor, HSF, and the Pol II kinase, P-TEFb [6,7]. The rapid induction of the heat shock genes and the ability to visualize the binding and behavior of transcription factors at the heat shock loci in vivo make it an ideal model gene to study transcription mechanisms [8].

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      HSF1, 2, and 4 are also essential for embryonic development (reviewed in Abane and Mezger, 2010) and we will see that they participate to the developmental, stress-induced, and disease-related expression of sHsp. Interestingly, in Drosophila, all hsp promoters contain GA dinucleotide repeats (i.e. (GA or CT)nn; Gilmour et al., 1989) that bind a GAGA factor protein, which keep the hsp promoters “preset” in an active chromatin configuration (Lis and Wu, 1993; Wallrath et al., 1994), ready for the transcriptional activation following a stress. These GAGA factors permit the efficient pausing of the RNA polymerase, which is transcriptionally engaged on the hsp70 and hsp26 promoter (Core and Lis, 2008; Gilmour, 2009; Price, 2008; Rasmussen and Lis, 1993).

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