Mini-ReviewRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease and prospects for its control
Section snippets
RSV and the populations most vulnerable to RSV infections
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to virus family Paramyxoviridae, subfamily Pneumoviridae (McIntosh and Chanock, 1990). It has a lipid envelope and a genome consisting of a single negative-stranded RNA. As might be expected of a virus with its name, RSV grows primarily in the ciliary epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract (Gardner and McQuillan, 1974).
RSV was first isolated in humans in 1957 (Chanock et al., 1957). Within a short period of time it was recognized as one of the
Vaccines
Efforts to develop a safe and efficacious RSV vaccine for children began soon after identification of the virus. In the 1960s, clinical testing of the first of these, a formalin-inactivated, whole-virus vaccine, was begun. Despite much optimism, the effort did not end well (Fulginiti et al., 1969, Kim et al., 1969). Although many of the children receiving the vaccine produced virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, they were not protected from natural infection. Worse, many appeared to develop
Immunoglobulins
At least three studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of RSVIG have been performed (Hemming et al., 1987, Rodriguez et al., 1997a, Rodriguez et al., 1997b, PREVENT Study Group, 1997). In two of the studies, reduced hospitalization and days in the ICU were seen in the groups treated with RSVIG compared to the control groups. However, the differences observed were not statistically significant. In the third study, no differences in duration of hospitalization or duration of ICU stay were
Chemotherapeutic agents
Although overshadowed by the interest in RSV vaccines, ISGs and ribavirin, there has been a sustained effort to find new and better agents that can effectively prevent or control RSV infections. Much of this effort has been directed at identifying new chemotherapeutic compounds, in particular those that inhibit the earliest steps of viral replication (i.e. virus attachment, penetration and uncoating), and those that interfere with steps required for viral RNA transcription and translation (see
Prospects for controlling RSV disease
It is clear that RSV continues to be a major human pathogen, despite more than 30 years of efforts to prevent and treat the lower respiratory diseases caused by this virus. Indeed, recognition of the virus' medical importance has expanded; RSV is no longer considered primarily a pathogen of children, but is also acknowledged as a significant cause of disease in adults with especial impact in the elderly and particular immunocompromised populations. However, despite the slow progress there are
Acknowledgements
This effort was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (Antiviral Research Development Branch) contract NO1-AI-65292.
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