Ca²⁺-induced tropomyosin movement in Limulus thin filaments revealed by three-dimensional reconstruction

Abstract

THE steric model of muscle regulation holds that tropomyosin strands running along thin filaments move away from myosin-binding sites on actin when muscle is activated. Exposing these sites would permit actomyosin interaction and contraction to proceed. This compelling and widely cited model is based on changes observed in X-ray diffraction patterns of skeletal muscle following activation^1–3. Although analysis of X-ray patterns can suggest models of filament structure, unambiguous interpretation is not possible. In contrast, three-dimensional reconstruction of thin-filament electron micrographs could, in principle, offer direct confirmation of the predicted tropomyosin movement, but so far tropomyosin in skeletal muscle has been resolved definitively only in the 'on' state but not in the 'off' state⁴. Thin filaments from the arthropod Limulus have a similar composition to those from vertebrate skeletal muscle⁵, and troponin–tropomyosin is distributed in both species with the same characteristic 38-nm periodicity⁶. Limulus thin filaments activate skeletal muscle myosin ATPase at micro-molar Ca²⁺ concentrations and confer a high calcium dependence on the enzyme. Arthropod and vertebrate troponin subunits form functional hybrids in vitro⁷ and the respective tropomyosins are functionally interchangeable^8,9, arguing for a common mechanism of thin-filament-linked regulation in the two phyla. Here we report that tropomyosin is readily resolved in native filaments of troponin-regulated Limulus muscle in both the 'on' and 'off' states, and demonstrate tropomyosin movement, providing support for the importance of steric effects in muscle activation.