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Robert E. Black, Epidemiology of Travelers' Diarrhea and Relative Importance of Various Pathogens, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue Supplement_1, January-February 1990, Pages S73–S79, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/12.Supplement_1.S73
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Abstract
Each year 12 million persons travel from an industrialized country to a developing country in the tropics or subtropics. These travelers experience a high rate of diarrhea caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens acquired by ingestion of contaminated food or water. One or more pathogens can be found in the stool of a majority of ill individuals. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli generally are the most frequently identified pathogens, having been found in a median of 42% of travelers' diarrheal episodes in studies in Latin America, 36% in Africa, and 16% in Asia. Other pathogens that cause diarrhea in a smaller fraction of ill travelers include Shigella species, Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, rotavirus, and 27-nm viruses, including Norwalk virus. Other organisms that may cause a fraction of the episodes of travelers' diarrhea include Plesiomonas shigelloides, enteroadherent E. coli, adenovirus or other viruses, and Cryptosporidium. Mixed infections of two or more of these pathogens also occur.
- adenoviruses
- campylobacter jejuni
- epidemiology
- diarrhea
- giardia lamblia
- aeromonas hydrophila
- africa
- asia
- cryptosporidium
- developed countries
- developing countries
- feces
- food contamination
- latin america
- norwalk virus
- rotavirus
- travel
- vibrio
- salmonella
- shigella
- viruses
- traveler
- plesiomonas shigelloides
- traveler's diarrhea
- pathogenic organism
- ingestion
- enterotoxigenic escherichia coli
- coinfection
- entamoeba histolytica
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