Abstract
The astounding adjuvanticity and Th1-polarizing immunobiology of bacterial CpG-DNA and mimicking CpG-oligonucleotides continue to mirror promising therapeutic potential. The past year has witnessed some particularly impressive progress in knowledge of its molecular mode of action. Accordingly, CpG-DNA acts as a "pathogen-associated" molecular pattern that is recognized by TLR9 expressed, in particular, by dendritic cells. Interactions between CpG-DNA and TLR9 rapidly activate antigen-presenting dendritic cells through the ancient Toll/IL-1-receptor signaling pathway to upregulate co-stimulatory molecules and to produce Th1-polarizing cytokines, such as interleukin-12 and interleukin-18. Thus, interactions between CpG-DNA and TLR9 effectively bridge innate and acquired immunity.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Bacteria / metabolism
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Bacteria / pathogenicity*
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Bacterial Infections / immunology
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Bacterial Proteins / metabolism
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CpG Islands / physiology*
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DNA, Bacterial / metabolism
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DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism*
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Dendritic Cells / immunology
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Dendritic Cells / metabolism
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Drosophila Proteins*
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Gene Expression
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Humans
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Immunity, Active / physiology*
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Immunity, Innate / physiology*
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Ligands
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Membrane Glycoproteins / metabolism
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Mice
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Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism*
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Signal Transduction / genetics
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Toll-Like Receptor 9
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Toll-Like Receptors
Substances
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Bacterial Proteins
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DNA, Bacterial
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Drosophila Proteins
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Ligands
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Membrane Glycoproteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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TLR9 protein, human
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Tlr9 protein, mouse
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Toll-Like Receptor 9
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Toll-Like Receptors