Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease who underwent liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Methods: All patients who underwent liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis at our institution were identified. A review of patients' hospital and office charts was performed; all patients were then contacted, and a detailed survey was administered by telephone.
Results: Sixty-nine patients were identified. There were 53 males (76.8 percent) and 16 females, with a mean age of 45.3 (+/- 13.3) years. Fifty-two (75.4 percent) of the 69 patients had documented inflammatory bowel disease; of these, 40 had ulcerative colitis (76.9 percent), 11 had Crohn's disease, and 1 had indeterminate colitis. Thirty-one patients (60 percent) were diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease before primary sclerosing cholangitis, with a mean interval to diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis of 10.8 (+/- 10.3) years. Seven patients had both diagnoses made at roughly the same time, and 14 patients initially were diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis and subsequently were found to have inflammatory bowel disease, with a mean interval of 5.2 (+/- 4.4) years; 5 (35.7 percent) of those 14 patients were only diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease after their liver transplant. The mean time from diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis to liver transplantation was 6.1 (+/- 4.9) years. Since their transplant, 30.8 percent of patients rated their colitis as worse, 38.5 percent felt it was unchanged, and 30.8 percent felt that their colitis was better controlled. Eight (15.4 percent) of the 52 patients with inflammatory bowel disease denied having any knowledge of an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia. Four patients have required colectomy for colorectal neoplasia after liver transplantation, at a mean of 4.7 years after transplantation. Of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 42 (80.1 percent) had at least 1 posttransplant surveillance colonoscopy. Eight of the remaining ten patients had a colectomy, leaving only two patients (3.8 percent) who had not been surveyed. However, only 32 (61.5 percent) of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease have been on a surveillance regimen that would approximately conform to current screening recommendations.
Conclusions: The activity of inflammatory bowel disease after transplantation is highly variable. Patients appeared to lack knowledge of their increased risk for colorectal neoplasia. Colorectal cancer is an uncommon but important complication in patients after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis, and ongoing surveillance is required. Patients may require education to increase their awareness of the cancer risk and compliance with surveillance.