Abstract
This brief review summarizes the current understanding of Toll-like receptor (TLRs) mediated intestinal epithelial mechanisms of commensal tolerance versus intolerance and provides an update on the downstream negative control of signaling responses through decreased surface expression, interregulation with NOD2, overexpression of Tollip, various inhibitors of NF-kappaB as well as soluble tolerizing mediators present in lumen and serum which all may maintain or--when dysregulated--impair mucosal homeostasis in health or disease, respectively.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Humans
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Immune Tolerance / immunology*
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Immune Tolerance / physiology
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Immunity, Innate / immunology*
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Immunity, Mucosal / immunology*
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Intestinal Mucosa / immunology*
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Intestinal Mucosa / metabolism
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Intestinal Mucosa / microbiology
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / metabolism
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Membrane Glycoproteins / immunology
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Membrane Glycoproteins / metabolism
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NF-kappa B / metabolism
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Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
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Nuclear Proteins
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PPAR gamma / metabolism
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Proteins / metabolism
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Receptors, Cell Surface / immunology
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Receptors, Cell Surface / metabolism
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Toll-Like Receptors
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Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3
Substances
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Membrane Glycoproteins
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NF-kappa B
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NOD2 protein, human
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Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein
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Nuclear Proteins
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PPAR gamma
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Proteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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TOLLIP protein, human
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Toll-Like Receptors
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TNFAIP3 protein, human
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Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-Induced Protein 3