The enteric nervous system is composed of neurones and glial cells. These enteric glia cells (EGC) appear to be essential for the maintenance of gut homeostasis and mucosal integrity. Neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) also plays an important role for the gut integrity by regulating sensory and inflammatory processes in the intestines. Here, we demonstrate EGCs as one source of NGF and show increased levels of NGF mRNA/protein and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) mRNA in cultured EGCs upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. NGF is continuously secreted from cultured EGCs and proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides stimulate the secretion of this neurotrophin in a time- and dose- dependent manner, whereas interleukin-4 had no effect on NGF expression. Furthermore, NGF secretion was sustained for more than 12 h after withdrawal of the proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting the involvement of transcriptional and/or translational processes. Thus, the release of proinflammatory cytokines can increase NGF secretion by EGCs and leads to a higher expression of TrkA in EGCs. NGF, in turn, can increase visceral sensitivity and, on the other hand, appears to improve gut inflammation. Therefore, NGF secreting EGCs may play a key role in modulating visceral sensitivity and might be involved in inflammatory processes of the gut.