Abstract
Tonic pain has been difficult to demonstrate in animals. Because relief of pain is rewarding, analgesic agents that are not rewarding in the absence of pain should become rewarding only when there is ongoing pain. We used conditioned place preference to concomitantly determine the presence of tonic pain in rats and the efficacy of agents that relieve it. This provides a new approach for investigating tonic pain in animals and for evaluating the analgesic effects of drugs.
MeSH terms
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Adenosine / pharmacology
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Adenosine / therapeutic use
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Analgesics / pharmacology
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Analgesics / therapeutic use
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Analysis of Variance
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Animals
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Calcium Channel Blockers / pharmacology
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Clonidine / pharmacology
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Clonidine / therapeutic use
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Conditioning, Classical / drug effects
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Conditioning, Psychological
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Disease Models, Animal
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Drug Administration Schedule
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Hyperalgesia / drug therapy
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Hyperalgesia / etiology
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Injections, Spinal
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Male
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Neuralgia / complications*
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Neuralgia / drug therapy
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Neuralgia / psychology*
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Pain Measurement / methods
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Pain Threshold / drug effects
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Pain Threshold / physiology*
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Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Reaction Time / drug effects
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Reward*
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Time Factors
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omega-Conotoxins / pharmacology
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omega-Conotoxins / therapeutic use
Substances
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Analgesics
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Calcium Channel Blockers
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omega-Conotoxins
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Adenosine
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Clonidine