The pathogenicity of Giardia lamblia is a subject of debate. Some studies of human biopsy material have mentioned the presence of trophozoites inside the intestinal mucosa, while in others, flagellates have only been found attached to the epithelium. To study the possible cytopathic effects of G. lamblia cultured under axenic conditions, trophozoites of the human 1/Portland and WB strains were placed in contact with monolayers of Madin Derby Canine Kidney cells, a well characterized cell strain with morphological and functional properties similar to those of a transporting epithelium. After 24 and 48 hr of interaction, the effect of the parasite on epithelial cells was assessed by transmission, scanning, and freeze fracture electron microscopy. In addition, the possible action of living trophozoites and sonicates of G. lamblia on the transepithelial resistance of MDCK monolayers mounted in Ussing chambers was analyzed for periods varying up to 48 hr. The results demonstrate that G. lamblia trophozoites do not invade epithelial monolayers. Furthermore, the parasites fail to produce cytoplasmic changes on target cells and have no effect on transepithelial resistance as judged both electrophysiologically and by the failure to open the occluding junctions that bind together epithelial cells. Damage induced by the parasites to cultured cells was limited to focal distortion or depletion of microvilli at the site of adhesion, which may progress to leave circular areas devoid of microvilli, different from the adhesion marks reported by others for G. muris. Therefore, under the in vitro conditions described here, giardias showed no toxic or invasive effect.