Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and nervous system, both central (CNS) and enteric (ENS), are
involved in two-way extrinsic communication by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves …

Stress, which is defined as an acute threat to homeostasis, shows both short-and long-term
effects on the functions of the gastrointestinal tract. Exposure to stress results in alterations of …

Circadian and seasonal rhythms are a fundamental feature of all living organisms and their
organelles. Biological rhythms are responsible for daily food intake; the period of hunger …

Background: The exposure of gastric mucosa to damaging factors, such as ethanol, water
restraint stress, or ischemia followed by reperfusion, produces pathological changes …

Since Robert discovery that pretreatment with prostaglandin (PG) applied in non-
antisecretory dose can prevent the injury of gastric mucosa induced by necrotizing agents …

Gastric cancer (GS) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. It is considered as
the second most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide, although much geographical …

The gastric mucosa plays an important role in the physiological function of the stomach. This
mucosa acts as gastric barrier, which protects deeper located cells against the detrimental …

Melatonin (MT) is secreted primarily by the pineal gland in response to environmental
light/dark cycles which are produced by supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the major circadian …

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2007, 58, Suppl 1, 13 35 www. jpp.
krakow. pl postprandially in both OB-MS and MOB-MS, it was much lower than in lean …

Obesity is one of the most common metabolic diseases and the greatest threats of the health
because of possibility of numerous complications. In order to design effective drugs or apply …