Abstract The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13) for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis were
globally disseminated and various clinical studies about the management of acute …

We propose a new flowchart for the treatment of acute cholecystitis (AC) in the Tokyo
Guidelines 2018 (TG18). Grade III AC was not indicated for straightforward laparoscopic …

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic progressive destructive disease. Currently available
instruments measure disease activity at a specific point in time. An instrument to measure …

Abstract IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a novel clinical disease entity characterized by
elevated serum IgG4 concentration and tumefaction or tissue infiltration by IgG4+ plasma …

Chapter 1 summarizes fundamental material on monomial ideals. In particular, we consider
the integral closure of monomial ideals, squarefree normally torsionfree ideals, squarefree …

Intestinal macrophages play a central role in regulation of immune responses against
commensal bacteria. In general, intestinal macrophages lack the expression of innate …

Background & Aims: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates immune response and inflammation. We
carried out a pilot placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and …

Background: A novel T helper (Th) cell lineage, Th17, that exclusively produces the
proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 17 (IL17) has been reported to play important roles in …

Background & Aims Little is known about the efficacy of golimumab, a fully human
monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)− α, for treatment of ulcerative colitis …

Background & Aims: Previous studies have linked Crohn's disease (CD) to the
pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 (IBD1). Three independent studies of Western …